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A semantic data model contains prebuilt calculations and relationships for a set of data. This article will show you the basics of querying a semantic data model in Malloy.

Let’s start simply, we'll define: dimension, measure, aggregating query, and lookup query.

Data for Kindergarteners

Given that we learn about data in Kindergarten, it is really surprising how hard it is to query data in the "big" world. In kindergarten data, we notice attributes about things, make piles of things, and count things in the piles. We do this even before we learn any "real" math. Strangely, noticing attributes about things and counting things is almost all there is to working with data.

Two types of queries, "Where's Waldo" and "Making Piles"

There are really two types of queries in the world, lookup and aggregating.

Lookup queries are pretty easy. Google search is a lookup query. To search, type in some terms then see a list of results. Searching in SQL this often looks like SELECT * FROM <something> WHERE <FILTER>.

The interesting queries, the kindergarten queries, are aggregating. Aggregating queries tell you something about a set of data. An aggregating query has two main parts, the dimensions and measures.

Dimensions are the attributes you use to decide which pile the thing goes in.

A measure is something you can say about the pile. "How many objects?", "How much does this pile weigh?", "What is the average size of an object in this pile?"

"OK class, let's take this pile of coins and separate them. How many coins are pennies? How many coins are nickels? Dimes? Quarters?"

Aggregating queries tell us things about datasets. Lookup queries find things.

SQL World

In the SQL world, the interface to your data is just that, data. The data sits in tables. Everytime, you ask a question (run a query), you need to restate all the things about the data: the calculations, the relationships between tables. The unit of reusability is a table. You can run a query that makes a new table. You can turn a query into a SQL View, which is basically a table based on a calculation.

The Semantic Data Model is the interface to your data

In a Semantic Data Model, the calculations (dimensions and measures) are reusable. The join relationships are built into the semantic data model. The calculations (common ways of looking at data) are coded into the semantic data model. The act of querying becomes simply picking dimensions and measures, filtering the data, and sorting the results. This simplification is powerful in that the calculations are always vetted, so it becomes much harder to get incorrect results.

A Simple Example

Below is a semantic data model for some flight data. For now, let's not concern ourselves with how this model is built but instead focus on how we can ask questions of the model. In the semantic model, dimensions, measures, and joined relationships are all exposed as a list of variables.

Each flight has an origin, destination and carrier. Flights can be delayed. Each flight has an aircraft that made the flight, and more. The semantic data model provides us with the dimensions (in blue), the measures (in orange), and the graph of related objects. This model is encoded in a file called ‘flights.malloy’.

document
import {flights} from 'flights.malloy' 

Step 10: We'll jump to the end with a complex example

A semantic data model lets you do complicated things simply. Shamelessly, to ensure you read the full article, I'll start with a seemingly complex example and then explain how we got here. It's actually quite simple.

The dashboard below shows flights from airports in California, where you can go, and which carriers will take you there. It shows how this has changed over time.

document
# dashboard
run: flights -> origin_name + metrics + {
  where: origin.state = 'CA'
  nest: destination_name + metrics + carrier_list + {limit: 6} 
  # bar_chart
  nest: carrier_name + flight_count
  # line_chart
  nest: dep_month + flight_count 
}
QUERY RESULTS
[
  {
    "origin_name": "LAX - LOS ANGELES",
    "flight_count": 11077,
    "total_distance": 12861847,
    "percent_of_flights": 0.2723629210720433,
    "destination_name": [
      {
        "destination_name": "LAS - LAS VEGAS",
        "flight_count": 1073,
        "total_distance": 253228,
        "percent_of_flights": 0.09686738286539677,
        "cl": [
          {
            "nickname": "Southwest",
            "flight_count": 556
          },
          {
            "nickname": "United",
            "flight_count": 255
          },
          {
            "nickname": "America West",
            "flight_count": 136
          },
          {
            "nickname": "American",
            "flight_count": 82
          },
          {
            "nickname": "Northwest",
            "flight_count": 35
          },
          {
            "nickname": "Delta",
            "flight_count": 9
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "destination_name": "OAK - OAKLAND",
        "flight_count": 868,
        "total_distance": 292516,
        "percent_of_flights": 0.07836056694050736,
        "cl": [
          {
            "nickname": "Southwest",
            "flight_count": 821
          },
          {
            "nickname": "United",
            "flight_count": 32
          },
          {
            "nickname": "American",
            "flight_count": 15
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "destination_name": "PHX - PHOENIX",
        "flight_count": 737,
        "total_distance": 272690,
        "percent_of_flights": 0.06653426017874876,
        "cl": [
          {
            "nickname": "Southwest",
            "flight_count": 552
          },
          {
            "nickname": "America West",
            "flight_count": 159
          },
          {
            "nickname": "United",
            "flight_count": 15
          },
          {
            "nickname": "American",
            "flight_count": 11
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "destination_name": "IAD - WASHINGTON",
        "flight_count": 615,
        "total_distance": 1407120,
        "percent_of_flights": 0.05552044777466823,
        "cl": [
          {
            "nickname": "United",
            "flight_count": 330
          },
          {
            "nickname": "American",
            "flight_count": 285
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "destination_name": "SEA - SEATTLE",
        "flight_count": 528,
        "total_distance": 503712,
        "percent_of_flights": 0.047666335650446874,
        "cl": [
          {
            "nickname": "Alaska",
            "flight_count": 418
          },
          {
            "nickname": "United",
            "flight_count": 110
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "destination_name": "ORD - CHICAGO",
        "flight_count": 523,
        "total_distance": 912635,
        "percent_of_flights": 0.047214949896181274,
        "cl": [
          {
            "nickname": "United",
            "flight_count": 382
          },
          {
            "nickname": "American",
            "flight_count": 141
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "carrier_name": [
      {
        "carrier_name": "Southwest",
        "flight_count": 4282
      },
      {
        "carrier_name": "United",
        "flight_count": 2319
      },
      {
        "carrier_name": "American",
        "flight_count": 1951
      },
      {
        "carrier_name": "Northwest",
        "flight_count": 993
      },
      {
        "carrier_name": "Alaska",
        "flight_count": 695
      },
      {
        "carrier_name": "Delta",
        "flight_count": 343
      },
      {
        "carrier_name": "America West",
        "flight_count": 295
      },
      {
        "carrier_name": "USAir",
        "flight_count": 135
      },
      {
        "carrier_name": "ATA",
        "flight_count": 32
      },
      {
        "carrier_name": "American Eagle",
        "flight_count": 25
      },
      {
        "carrier_name": "Continental",
        "flight_count": 6
      },
      {
        "carrier_name": "Continental Express",
        "flight_count": 1
      }
    ],
    "dep_month": [
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-12-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 165
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-11-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 182
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-10-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 163
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-09-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 154
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-08-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 171
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-07-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 175
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-06-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 148
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-05-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 138
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-04-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 146
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-03-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 139
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-02-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 124
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 146
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-12-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 127
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-11-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 169
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-10-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 152
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-09-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 157
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-08-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 136
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-07-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 153
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-06-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 163
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-05-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 133
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-04-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 140
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-03-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 144
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-02-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 139
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 126
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-12-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 142
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-11-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 135
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-10-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 131
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-09-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 141
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-08-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 151
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-07-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 137
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-06-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 135
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-05-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 157
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-04-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 162
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-03-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 152
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-02-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 173
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 180
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2002-12-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 164
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2002-11-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 154
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2002-10-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 160
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2002-09-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 164
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2002-08-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 172
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2002-07-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 132
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2002-06-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 166
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2002-05-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 140
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2002-04-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 105
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2002-03-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 130
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2002-02-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 129
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2002-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 125
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-12-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 141
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-11-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 124
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-10-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 142
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-09-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 135
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-08-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 169
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-07-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 136
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-06-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 160
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-05-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 159
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-04-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 174
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-03-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 152
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-02-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 161
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 168
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-12-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 156
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-11-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 160
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-10-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 172
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-09-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 156
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-08-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 221
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-07-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 180
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-06-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 155
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-05-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 183
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-04-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 172
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-03-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 196
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-02-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 189
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 189
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "OAK - OAKLAND",
    "flight_count": 5076,
    "total_distance": 3472237,
    "percent_of_flights": 0.12480944184902877,
    "destination_name": [
      {
        "destination_name": "LAX - LOS ANGELES",
        "flight_count": 792,
        "total_distance": 266904,
        "percent_of_flights": 0.15602836879432624,
        "cl": [
          {
            "nickname": "Southwest",
            "flight_count": 745
          },
          {
            "nickname": "United",
            "flight_count": 36
          },
          {
            "nickname": "American",
            "flight_count": 11
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "destination_name": "SAN - SAN DIEGO",
        "flight_count": 479,
        "total_distance": 213634,
        "percent_of_flights": 0.09436564223798266,
        "cl": [
          {
            "nickname": "Southwest",
            "flight_count": 479
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "destination_name": "SEA - SEATTLE",
        "flight_count": 472,
        "total_distance": 316712,
        "percent_of_flights": 0.09298660362490149,
        "cl": [
          {
            "nickname": "Southwest",
            "flight_count": 271
          },
          {
            "nickname": "Alaska",
            "flight_count": 201
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "destination_name": "ONT - ONTARIO",
        "flight_count": 433,
        "total_distance": 156313,
        "percent_of_flights": 0.08530338849487785,
        "cl": [
          {
            "nickname": "Southwest",
            "flight_count": 433
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "destination_name": "LAS - LAS VEGAS",
        "flight_count": 422,
        "total_distance": 171754,
        "percent_of_flights": 0.08313632781717888,
        "cl": [
          {
            "nickname": "Southwest",
            "flight_count": 382
          },
          {
            "nickname": "America West",
            "flight_count": 40
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "destination_name": "BUR - BURBANK",
        "flight_count": 405,
        "total_distance": 131625,
        "percent_of_flights": 0.0797872340425532,
        "cl": [
          {
            "nickname": "Southwest",
            "flight_count": 405
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "carrier_name": [
      {
        "carrier_name": "Southwest",
        "flight_count": 3964
      },
      {
        "carrier_name": "Jetblue",
        "flight_count": 297
      },
      {
        "carrier_name": "United",
        "flight_count": 249
      },
      {
        "carrier_name": "Alaska",
        "flight_count": 245
      },
      {
        "carrier_name": "America West",
        "flight_count": 164
      },
      {
        "carrier_name": "American",
        "flight_count": 139
      },
      {
        "carrier_name": "Delta",
        "flight_count": 10
      },
      {
        "carrier_name": "Continental",
        "flight_count": 8
      }
    ],
    "dep_month": [
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-12-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 91
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-11-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 87
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-10-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 100
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-09-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 88
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-08-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 88
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-07-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 98
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-06-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 83
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-05-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 79
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-04-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 85
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-03-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 82
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-02-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 77
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2005-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 76
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-12-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 76
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-11-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 68
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-10-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 98
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-09-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 91
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-08-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 93
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-07-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 62
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-06-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 62
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-05-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 73
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-04-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 88
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-03-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 66
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-02-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 75
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2004-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 64
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-12-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 79
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-11-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 84
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-10-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 85
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-09-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 92
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-08-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 77
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-07-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 93
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-06-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 70
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-05-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 84
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-04-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 86
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-03-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 72
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-02-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 69
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2003-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 101
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2002-12-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 70
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2002-11-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 70
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2002-10-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 56
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2002-09-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 60
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2002-08-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 66
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2002-07-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 61
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      {
        "dep_month": "2001-12-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 3
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-11-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 2
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-10-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 2
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-09-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 4
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-08-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 4
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-07-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 2
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-06-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 3
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-05-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 5
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-04-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 2
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-03-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 3
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-02-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 4
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 9
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-12-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 4
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-11-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 1
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-10-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 1
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-08-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 5
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-07-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 7
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-06-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 4
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-05-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 7
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-04-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 4
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-03-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 7
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-02-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 6
      },
      {
        "dep_month": "2000-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
        "flight_count": 2
      }
    ]
  }
]
WITH __stage0 AS (
  SELECT
    group_set,
    CASE WHEN group_set IN (1,2,3,4,5) THEN
      CONCAT(origin_0."code",' - ',origin_0."city")
      END as "origin_name__1",
    CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN
      COUNT(1)
      END as "flight_count__1",
    CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN
      COALESCE(SUM(base."distance"),0)
      END as "total_distance__1",
    (CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN
      COUNT(1)
      END)*1.0/MAX((CASE WHEN group_set=0 THEN
      COUNT(1)
      END)) OVER () as "percent_of_flights__1",
    CASE WHEN group_set IN (2,3) THEN
      CONCAT(destination_0."code",' - ',destination_0."city")
      END as "destination_name__2",
    CASE WHEN group_set=2 THEN
      COUNT(1)
      END as "flight_count__2",
    CASE WHEN group_set=2 THEN
      COALESCE(SUM(base."distance"),0)
      END as "total_distance__2",
    (CASE WHEN group_set=2 THEN
      COUNT(1)
      END)*1.0/MAX((CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN
      COUNT(1)
      END)) OVER (PARTITION BY CASE WHEN group_set IN (1,2,3,4,5) THEN
      CONCAT(origin_0."code",' - ',origin_0."city")
      END) as "percent_of_flights__2",
    CASE WHEN group_set=3 THEN
      carriers_0."nickname"
      END as "nickname__3",
    CASE WHEN group_set=3 THEN
      COUNT(1)
      END as "flight_count__3",
    CASE WHEN group_set=4 THEN
      carriers_0."nickname"
      END as "carrier_name__4",
    CASE WHEN group_set=4 THEN
      COUNT(1)
      END as "flight_count__4",
    CASE WHEN group_set=5 THEN
      DATE_TRUNC('month', base."dep_time")
      END as "dep_month__5",
    CASE WHEN group_set=5 THEN
      COUNT(1)
      END as "flight_count__5"
  FROM '../../documentation/data/flights.parquet' as base
   LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/airports.parquet' AS origin_0
    ON origin_0."code"=base."origin"
   LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/airports.parquet' AS destination_0
    ON destination_0."code"=base."destination"
   LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/carriers.parquet' AS carriers_0
    ON carriers_0."code"=base."carrier"
  CROSS JOIN (SELECT UNNEST(GENERATE_SERIES(0,5,1)) as group_set  ) as group_set
  WHERE origin_0."state"='CA'
  GROUP BY 1,2,6,10,12,14
)
, __stage1 AS (
  SELECT 
    CASE WHEN group_set=3 THEN 2 ELSE group_set END as group_set,
    CASE WHEN group_set IN (1,2,3,4,5) THEN
      "origin_name__1"
      END as "origin_name__1",
    FIRST("flight_count__1") FILTER (WHERE "flight_count__1" IS NOT NULL) as "flight_count__1",
    FIRST("total_distance__1") FILTER (WHERE "total_distance__1" IS NOT NULL) as "total_distance__1",
    FIRST("percent_of_flights__1") FILTER (WHERE "percent_of_flights__1" IS NOT NULL) as "percent_of_flights__1",
    CASE WHEN group_set IN (2,3) THEN
      "destination_name__2"
      END as "destination_name__2",
    FIRST("flight_count__2") FILTER (WHERE "flight_count__2" IS NOT NULL) as "flight_count__2",
    FIRST("total_distance__2") FILTER (WHERE "total_distance__2" IS NOT NULL) as "total_distance__2",
    FIRST("percent_of_flights__2") FILTER (WHERE "percent_of_flights__2" IS NOT NULL) as "percent_of_flights__2",
    COALESCE(LIST({
      "nickname": "nickname__3", 
      "flight_count": "flight_count__3"}  ORDER BY  "flight_count__3" desc NULLS LAST) FILTER (WHERE group_set=3),[]) as "cl__2",
    CASE WHEN group_set=4 THEN
      "carrier_name__4"
      END as "carrier_name__4",
    FIRST("flight_count__4") FILTER (WHERE "flight_count__4" IS NOT NULL) as "flight_count__4",
    CASE WHEN group_set=5 THEN
      "dep_month__5"
      END as "dep_month__5",
    FIRST("flight_count__5") FILTER (WHERE "flight_count__5" IS NOT NULL) as "flight_count__5"
  FROM __stage0
  WHERE group_set NOT IN (0)
  GROUP BY 1,2,6,11,13
)
SELECT
  "origin_name__1" as "origin_name",
  MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "flight_count__1" END) as "flight_count",
  MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "total_distance__1" END) as "total_distance",
  MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "percent_of_flights__1" END) as "percent_of_flights",
  COALESCE(LIST({
    "destination_name": "destination_name__2", 
    "flight_count": "flight_count__2", 
    "total_distance": "total_distance__2", 
    "percent_of_flights": "percent_of_flights__2", 
    "cl": "cl__2"}  ORDER BY  "flight_count__2" desc NULLS LAST) FILTER (WHERE group_set=2)[1:6],[]) as "destination_name",
  COALESCE(LIST({
    "carrier_name": "carrier_name__4", 
    "flight_count": "flight_count__4"}  ORDER BY  "flight_count__4" desc NULLS LAST) FILTER (WHERE group_set=4),[]) as "carrier_name",
  COALESCE(LIST({
    "dep_month": "dep_month__5", 
    "flight_count": "flight_count__5"}  ORDER BY  "dep_month__5" desc NULLS LAST) FILTER (WHERE group_set=5),[]) as "dep_month"
FROM __stage1
GROUP BY 1
ORDER BY 2 desc NULLS LAST

Wait, that looks really complex? What do those things mean?

If you press the control key and hover over any of the terms, the Malloy VSCode extension will show you the semantic definition for the term.

Back to Step 1: How big is the pile?

Ok, let's slow down and go step by step.

Often, the first thing you want to know is, how big is the dataset?

document
run: flights-> flight_count
QUERY RESULTS
[
  {
    "flight_count": 344827
  }
]
SELECT 
   COUNT(1) as "flight_count"
FROM '../../documentation/data/flights.parquet' as base

In Malloy, queries start with run: <source>. In this case, flights. The -> is the query transform operator. The right hand side of the -> is the query transformation. In this case we want a simple measure, flight_count.

Dimensions and Measures

As we talked about earlier. Aggregating queries have two parts: what you want to group by, and what you want to measure about things in that group. Let's group the flights by the origin, and count how many flights. When building a query, we use the + operator to combine the parts.

document
run: flights -> origin_name + flight_count 
QUERY RESULTS
[
  {
    "origin_name": "ATL - ATLANTA",
    "flight_count": 17875
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "DFW - DALLAS-FORT WORTH",
    "flight_count": 17782
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "ORD - CHICAGO",
    "flight_count": 14214
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "PHX - PHOENIX",
    "flight_count": 12476
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "LAS - LAS VEGAS",
    "flight_count": 11096
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "LAX - LOS ANGELES",
    "flight_count": 11077
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "MSP - MINNEAPOLIS",
    "flight_count": 9762
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "DTW - DETROIT",
    "flight_count": 8161
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "PHL - PHILADELPHIA",
    "flight_count": 7708
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "LGA - NEW YORK",
    "flight_count": 7623
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "DEN - DENVER",
    "flight_count": 7190
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "BWI - BALTIMORE",
    "flight_count": 7177
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "CLT - CHARLOTTE",
    "flight_count": 7099
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "SEA - SEATTLE",
    "flight_count": 7010
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "MCO - ORLANDO",
    "flight_count": 6790
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "DCA - WASHINGTON",
    "flight_count": 6678
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "IAH - HOUSTON",
    "flight_count": 6623
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "MDW - CHICAGO",
    "flight_count": 6611
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "BOS - BOSTON",
    "flight_count": 5797
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "EWR - NEWARK",
    "flight_count": 5174
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "CLE - CLEVELAND",
    "flight_count": 5127
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "OAK - OAKLAND",
    "flight_count": 5076
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "SAN - SAN DIEGO",
    "flight_count": 5075
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "TPA - TAMPA",
    "flight_count": 4868
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "PIT - PITTSBURGH",
    "flight_count": 4541
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "SFO - SAN FRANCISCO",
    "flight_count": 4540
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "BNA - NASHVILLE",
    "flight_count": 4287
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "STL - ST LOUIS",
    "flight_count": 4089
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "MCI - KANSAS CITY",
    "flight_count": 4078
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "IAD - WASHINGTON",
    "flight_count": 3885
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "SJC - SAN JOSE",
    "flight_count": 3825
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "JFK - NEW YORK",
    "flight_count": 3689
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "FLL - FORT LAUDERDALE",
    "flight_count": 3619
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "PDX - PORTLAND",
    "flight_count": 3596
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "SMF - SACRAMENTO",
    "flight_count": 3576
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "HOU - HOUSTON",
    "flight_count": 3430
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "CVG - COVINGTON/CINCINNATI, OH",
    "flight_count": 3300
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "MSY - NEW ORLEANS",
    "flight_count": 3254
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "ABQ - ALBUQUERQUE",
    "flight_count": 2762
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "SLC - SALT LAKE CITY",
    "flight_count": 2741
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "ONT - ONTARIO",
    "flight_count": 2642
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "RDU - RALEIGH/DURHAM",
    "flight_count": 2444
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "MIA - MIAMI",
    "flight_count": 2387
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "PVD - PROVIDENCE",
    "flight_count": 2361
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "MEM - MEMPHIS",
    "flight_count": 2242
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "IND - INDIANAPOLIS",
    "flight_count": 2226
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "BDL - WINDSOR LOCKS",
    "flight_count": 2168
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "AUS - AUSTIN",
    "flight_count": 2091
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "RNO - RENO",
    "flight_count": 1992
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "BUR - BURBANK",
    "flight_count": 1952
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "SNA - SANTA ANA",
    "flight_count": 1919
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "SAT - SAN ANTONIO",
    "flight_count": 1865
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "CMH - COLUMBUS",
    "flight_count": 1712
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "DAL - DALLAS",
    "flight_count": 1662
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "MHT - MANCHESTER",
    "flight_count": 1626
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "JAX - JACKSONVILLE",
    "flight_count": 1599
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "ELP - EL PASO",
    "flight_count": 1438
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "PBI - WEST PALM BEACH",
    "flight_count": 1379
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "ISP - ISLIP",
    "flight_count": 1302
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "BUF - BUFFALO",
    "flight_count": 1246
  },
  {
    "origin_name": "BHM - BIRMINGHAM",
    "