What Is Malloy
Connecting a Database
A semantic data model contains prebuilt calculations and relationships for a set of data. This article will show you the basics of querying a semantic data model in Malloy.
Let’s start simply, we'll define: dimension, measure, aggregating query, and lookup query.
Data for Kindergarteners
Given that we learn about data in Kindergarten, it is really surprising how hard it is to query data in the "big" world. In kindergarten data, we notice attributes about things, make piles of things, and count things in the piles. We do this even before we learn any "real" math. Strangely, noticing attributes about things and counting things is almost all there is to working with data.
Two types of queries, "Where's Waldo" and "Making Piles"
There are really two types of queries in the world, lookup and aggregating.
Lookup queries are pretty easy. Google search is a lookup query. To search, type in some terms then see a list of results. Searching in SQL this often looks like SELECT * FROM <something> WHERE <FILTER>.
The interesting queries, the kindergarten queries, are aggregating. Aggregating queries tell you something about a set of data. An aggregating query has two main parts, the dimensions and measures.
Dimensions are the attributes you use to decide which pile the thing goes in.
A measure is something you can say about the pile. "How many objects?", "How much does this pile weigh?", "What is the average size of an object in this pile?"
"OK class, let's take this pile of coins and separate them. How many coins are pennies? How many coins are nickels? Dimes? Quarters?"
Aggregating queries tell us things about datasets. Lookup queries find things.
SQL World
In the SQL world, the interface to your data is just that, data. The data sits in tables. Everytime, you ask a question (run a query), you need to restate all the things about the data: the calculations, the relationships between tables. The unit of reusability is a table. You can run a query that makes a new table. You can turn a query into a SQL View, which is basically a table based on a calculation.
The Semantic Data Model is the interface to your data
In a Semantic Data Model, the calculations (dimensions and measures) are reusable. The join relationships are built into the semantic data model. The calculations (common ways of looking at data) are coded into the semantic data model. The act of querying becomes simply picking dimensions and measures, filtering the data, and sorting the results. This simplification is powerful in that the calculations are always vetted, so it becomes much harder to get incorrect results.
A Simple Example
Below is a semantic data model for some flight data. For now, let's not concern ourselves with how this model is built but instead focus on how we can ask questions of the model. In the semantic model, dimensions, measures, and joined relationships are all exposed as a list of variables.
Each flight has an origin, destination and carrier. Flights can be delayed. Each flight has an aircraft that made the flight, and more. The semantic data model provides us with the dimensions (in blue), the measures (in orange), and the graph of related objects. This model is encoded in a file called ‘flights.malloy’.
import {flights} from 'flights.malloy' 
Step 10: We'll jump to the end with a complex example
A semantic data model lets you do complicated things simply. Shamelessly, to ensure you read the full article, I'll start with a seemingly complex example and then explain how we got here. It's actually quite simple.
The dashboard below shows flights from airports in California, where you can go, and which carriers will take you there. It shows how this has changed over time.
# dashboard run: flights -> origin_name + metrics + { where: origin.state = 'CA' nest: destination_name + metrics + carrier_list + {limit: 6} # bar_chart nest: carrier_name + flight_count # line_chart nest: dep_month + flight_count }
[ { "origin_name": "LAX - LOS ANGELES", "flight_count": 11077, "total_distance": 12861847, "percent_of_flights": 0.2723629210720433, "destination_name": [ { "destination_name": "LAS - LAS VEGAS", "flight_count": 1073, "total_distance": 253228, "percent_of_flights": 0.09686738286539677, "cl": [ { "nickname": "Southwest", "flight_count": 556 }, { "nickname": "United", "flight_count": 255 }, { "nickname": "America West", "flight_count": 136 }, { "nickname": "American", "flight_count": 82 }, { "nickname": "Northwest", "flight_count": 35 }, { "nickname": "Delta", "flight_count": 9 } ] }, { "destination_name": "OAK - OAKLAND", "flight_count": 868, "total_distance": 292516, "percent_of_flights": 0.07836056694050736, "cl": [ { "nickname": "Southwest", "flight_count": 821 }, { "nickname": "United", "flight_count": 32 }, { "nickname": "American", "flight_count": 15 } ] }, { "destination_name": "PHX - PHOENIX", "flight_count": 737, "total_distance": 272690, "percent_of_flights": 0.06653426017874876, "cl": [ { "nickname": "Southwest", "flight_count": 552 }, { "nickname": "America West", "flight_count": 159 }, { "nickname": "United", "flight_count": 15 }, { "nickname": "American", "flight_count": 11 } ] }, { "destination_name": "IAD - WASHINGTON", "flight_count": 615, "total_distance": 1407120, "percent_of_flights": 0.05552044777466823, "cl": [ { "nickname": "United", "flight_count": 330 }, { "nickname": "American", "flight_count": 285 } ] }, { "destination_name": "SEA - SEATTLE", "flight_count": 528, "total_distance": 503712, "percent_of_flights": 0.047666335650446874, "cl": [ { "nickname": "Alaska", "flight_count": 418 }, { "nickname": "United", "flight_count": 110 } ] }, { "destination_name": "ORD - CHICAGO", "flight_count": 523, "total_distance": 912635, "percent_of_flights": 0.047214949896181274, "cl": [ { "nickname": "United", "flight_count": 382 }, { "nickname": "American", "flight_count": 141 } ] } ], "carrier_name": [ { "carrier_name": "Southwest", "flight_count": 4282 }, { "carrier_name": "United", "flight_count": 2319 }, { "carrier_name": "American", "flight_count": 1951 }, { "carrier_name": "Northwest", "flight_count": 993 }, { "carrier_name": "Alaska", "flight_count": 695 }, { "carrier_name": "Delta", "flight_count": 343 }, { "carrier_name": "America West", "flight_count": 295 }, { "carrier_name": "USAir", "flight_count": 135 }, { "carrier_name": "ATA", "flight_count": 32 }, { "carrier_name": "American Eagle", "flight_count": 25 }, { "carrier_name": "Continental", "flight_count": 6 }, { "carrier_name": "Continental Express", "flight_count": 1 } ], "dep_month": [ { "dep_month": "2005-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 165 }, { "dep_month": "2005-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 182 }, { "dep_month": "2005-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 163 }, { "dep_month": "2005-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 154 }, { "dep_month": "2005-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 171 }, { "dep_month": "2005-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 175 }, { "dep_month": "2005-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 148 }, { "dep_month": "2005-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 138 }, { "dep_month": "2005-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 146 }, { "dep_month": "2005-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 139 }, { "dep_month": "2005-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 124 }, { "dep_month": "2005-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 146 }, { "dep_month": "2004-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 127 }, { "dep_month": "2004-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 169 }, { "dep_month": "2004-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 152 }, { "dep_month": "2004-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 157 }, { "dep_month": "2004-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 136 }, { "dep_month": "2004-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 153 }, { "dep_month": "2004-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 163 }, { "dep_month": "2004-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 133 }, { "dep_month": "2004-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 140 }, { "dep_month": "2004-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 144 }, { "dep_month": "2004-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 139 }, { "dep_month": "2004-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 126 }, { "dep_month": "2003-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 142 }, { "dep_month": "2003-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 135 }, { "dep_month": "2003-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 131 }, { "dep_month": "2003-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 141 }, { "dep_month": "2003-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 151 }, { "dep_month": "2003-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 137 }, { "dep_month": "2003-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 135 }, { "dep_month": "2003-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 157 }, { "dep_month": "2003-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 162 }, { "dep_month": "2003-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 152 }, { "dep_month": "2003-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 173 }, { "dep_month": "2003-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 180 }, { "dep_month": "2002-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 164 }, { "dep_month": "2002-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 154 }, { "dep_month": "2002-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 160 }, { "dep_month": "2002-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 164 }, { "dep_month": "2002-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 172 }, { "dep_month": "2002-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 132 }, { "dep_month": "2002-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 166 }, { "dep_month": "2002-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 140 }, { "dep_month": "2002-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 105 }, { "dep_month": "2002-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 130 }, { "dep_month": "2002-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 129 }, { "dep_month": "2002-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 125 }, { "dep_month": "2001-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 141 }, { "dep_month": "2001-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 124 }, { "dep_month": "2001-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 142 }, { "dep_month": "2001-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 135 }, { "dep_month": "2001-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 169 }, { "dep_month": "2001-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 136 }, { "dep_month": "2001-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 160 }, { "dep_month": "2001-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 159 }, { "dep_month": "2001-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 174 }, { "dep_month": "2001-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 152 }, { "dep_month": "2001-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 161 }, { "dep_month": "2001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 168 }, { "dep_month": "2000-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 156 }, { "dep_month": "2000-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 160 }, { "dep_month": "2000-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 172 }, { "dep_month": "2000-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 156 }, { "dep_month": "2000-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 221 }, { "dep_month": "2000-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 180 }, { "dep_month": "2000-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 155 }, { "dep_month": "2000-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 183 }, { "dep_month": "2000-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 172 }, { "dep_month": "2000-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 196 }, { "dep_month": "2000-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 189 }, { "dep_month": "2000-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 189 } ] }, { "origin_name": "OAK - OAKLAND", "flight_count": 5076, "total_distance": 3472237, "percent_of_flights": 0.12480944184902877, "destination_name": [ { "destination_name": "LAX - LOS ANGELES", "flight_count": 792, "total_distance": 266904, "percent_of_flights": 0.15602836879432624, "cl": [ { "nickname": "Southwest", "flight_count": 745 }, { "nickname": "United", "flight_count": 36 }, { "nickname": "American", "flight_count": 11 } ] }, { "destination_name": "SAN - SAN DIEGO", "flight_count": 479, "total_distance": 213634, "percent_of_flights": 0.09436564223798266, "cl": [ { "nickname": "Southwest", "flight_count": 479 } ] }, { "destination_name": "SEA - SEATTLE", "flight_count": 472, "total_distance": 316712, "percent_of_flights": 0.09298660362490149, "cl": [ { "nickname": "Southwest", "flight_count": 271 }, { "nickname": "Alaska", "flight_count": 201 } ] }, { "destination_name": "ONT - ONTARIO", "flight_count": 433, "total_distance": 156313, "percent_of_flights": 0.08530338849487785, "cl": [ { "nickname": "Southwest", "flight_count": 433 } ] }, { "destination_name": "LAS - LAS VEGAS", "flight_count": 422, "total_distance": 171754, "percent_of_flights": 0.08313632781717888, "cl": [ { "nickname": "Southwest", "flight_count": 382 }, { "nickname": "America West", "flight_count": 40 } ] }, { "destination_name": "BUR - BURBANK", "flight_count": 405, "total_distance": 131625, "percent_of_flights": 0.0797872340425532, "cl": [ { "nickname": "Southwest", "flight_count": 405 } ] } ], "carrier_name": [ { "carrier_name": "Southwest", "flight_count": 3964 }, { "carrier_name": "Jetblue", "flight_count": 297 }, { "carrier_name": "United", "flight_count": 249 }, { "carrier_name": "Alaska", "flight_count": 245 }, { "carrier_name": "America West", "flight_count": 164 }, { "carrier_name": "American", "flight_count": 139 }, { "carrier_name": "Delta", "flight_count": 10 }, { "carrier_name": "Continental", "flight_count": 8 } ], "dep_month": [ { "dep_month": "2005-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 91 }, { "dep_month": "2005-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 87 }, { "dep_month": "2005-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 100 }, { "dep_month": "2005-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 88 }, { "dep_month": "2005-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 88 }, { "dep_month": "2005-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 98 }, { "dep_month": "2005-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 83 }, { "dep_month": "2005-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 79 }, { "dep_month": "2005-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 85 }, { "dep_month": "2005-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 82 }, { "dep_month": "2005-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 77 }, { "dep_month": "2005-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 76 }, { "dep_month": "2004-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 76 }, { "dep_month": "2004-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 68 }, { "dep_month": "2004-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 98 }, { "dep_month": "2004-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 91 }, { "dep_month": "2004-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 93 }, { "dep_month": "2004-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 62 }, { "dep_month": "2004-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 62 }, { "dep_month": "2004-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 73 }, { "dep_month": "2004-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 88 }, { "dep_month": "2004-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 66 }, { "dep_month": "2004-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 75 }, { "dep_month": "2004-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 64 }, { "dep_month": "2003-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 79 }, { "dep_month": "2003-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 84 }, { "dep_month": "2003-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 85 }, { "dep_month": "2003-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 92 }, { "dep_month": "2003-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 77 }, { "dep_month": "2003-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 93 }, { "dep_month": "2003-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 70 }, { "dep_month": "2003-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 84 }, { "dep_month": "2003-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 86 }, { "dep_month": "2003-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 72 }, { "dep_month": "2003-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 69 }, { "dep_month": "2003-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 101 }, { "dep_month": "2002-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 70 }, { "dep_month": "2002-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 70 }, { "dep_month": "2002-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 56 }, { "dep_month": "2002-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 60 }, { "dep_month": "2002-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 66 }, { "dep_month": "2002-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 61 }, { "dep_month": "2002-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 55 }, { "dep_month": "2002-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 69 }, { "dep_month": "2002-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 63 }, { "dep_month": "2002-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 50 }, { "dep_month": "2002-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 55 }, { "dep_month": "2002-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 81 }, { "dep_month": "2001-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 70 }, { "dep_month": "2001-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 69 }, { "dep_month": "2001-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 65 }, { "dep_month": "2001-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 63 }, { "dep_month": "2001-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 58 }, { "dep_month": "2001-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 65 }, { "dep_month": "2001-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 47 }, { "dep_month": "2001-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 54 }, { "dep_month": "2001-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 53 }, { "dep_month": "2001-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 33 }, { "dep_month": "2001-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 57 }, { "dep_month": "2001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 80 }, { "dep_month": "2000-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 57 }, { "dep_month": "2000-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 43 }, { "dep_month": "2000-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 70 }, { "dep_month": "2000-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 54 }, { "dep_month": "2000-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 53 }, { "dep_month": "2000-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 49 }, { "dep_month": "2000-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 51 }, { "dep_month": "2000-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 70 }, { "dep_month": "2000-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 45 }, { "dep_month": "2000-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 52 }, { "dep_month": "2000-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 63 }, { "dep_month": "2000-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 57 } ] }, { "origin_name": "SAN - SAN DIEGO", "flight_count": 5075, "total_distance": 4691341, "percent_of_flights": 0.12478485370051635, "destination_name": [ { "destination_name": "LAS - LAS VEGAS", "flight_count": 508, "total_distance": 131064, "percent_of_flights": 0.10009852216748769, "cl": [ { "nickname": "Southwest", "flight_count": 470 }, { "nickname": "America West", "flight_count": 38 } ] }, { "destination_name": "OAK - OAKLAND", "flight_count": 482, "total_distance": 214972, "percent_of_flights": 0.09497536945812808, "cl": [ { "nickname": "Southwest", "flight_count": 482 } ] }, { "destination_name": "PHX - PHOENIX", "flight_count": 476, "total_distance": 144704, "percent_of_flights": 0.09379310344827586, "cl": [ { "nickname": "Southwest", "flight_count": 400 }, { "nickname": "America West", 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"flight_count": 3 }, { "dep_month": "2001-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 5 }, { "dep_month": "2001-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 2 }, { "dep_month": "2001-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 3 }, { "dep_month": "2001-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 4 }, { "dep_month": "2001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 9 }, { "dep_month": "2000-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 4 }, { "dep_month": "2000-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1 }, { "dep_month": "2000-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1 }, { "dep_month": "2000-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 5 }, { "dep_month": "2000-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 7 }, { "dep_month": "2000-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 4 }, { "dep_month": "2000-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 7 }, { "dep_month": "2000-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 4 }, { "dep_month": "2000-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 7 }, { "dep_month": "2000-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 6 }, { "dep_month": "2000-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 2 } ] } ]
WITH __stage0 AS ( SELECT group_set, CASE WHEN group_set IN (1,2,3,4,5) THEN CONCAT(origin_0."code",' - ',origin_0."city") END as "origin_name__1", CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COUNT(1) END as "flight_count__1", CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COALESCE(SUM(base."distance"),0) END as "total_distance__1", (CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COUNT(1) END)*1.0/MAX((CASE WHEN group_set=0 THEN COUNT(1) END)) OVER () as "percent_of_flights__1", CASE WHEN group_set IN (2,3) THEN CONCAT(destination_0."code",' - ',destination_0."city") END as "destination_name__2", CASE WHEN group_set=2 THEN COUNT(1) END as "flight_count__2", CASE WHEN group_set=2 THEN COALESCE(SUM(base."distance"),0) END as "total_distance__2", (CASE WHEN group_set=2 THEN COUNT(1) END)*1.0/MAX((CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COUNT(1) END)) OVER (PARTITION BY CASE WHEN group_set IN (1,2,3,4,5) THEN CONCAT(origin_0."code",' - ',origin_0."city") END) as "percent_of_flights__2", CASE WHEN group_set=3 THEN carriers_0."nickname" END as "nickname__3", CASE WHEN group_set=3 THEN COUNT(1) END as "flight_count__3", CASE WHEN group_set=4 THEN carriers_0."nickname" END as "carrier_name__4", CASE WHEN group_set=4 THEN COUNT(1) END as "flight_count__4", CASE WHEN group_set=5 THEN DATE_TRUNC('month', base."dep_time") END as "dep_month__5", CASE WHEN group_set=5 THEN COUNT(1) END as "flight_count__5" FROM '../../documentation/data/flights.parquet' as base LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/airports.parquet' AS origin_0 ON origin_0."code"=base."origin" LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/airports.parquet' AS destination_0 ON destination_0."code"=base."destination" LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/carriers.parquet' AS carriers_0 ON carriers_0."code"=base."carrier" CROSS JOIN (SELECT UNNEST(GENERATE_SERIES(0,5,1)) as group_set ) as group_set WHERE origin_0."state"='CA' GROUP BY 1,2,6,10,12,14 ) , __stage1 AS ( SELECT CASE WHEN group_set=3 THEN 2 ELSE group_set END as group_set, CASE WHEN group_set IN (1,2,3,4,5) THEN "origin_name__1" END as "origin_name__1", FIRST("flight_count__1") FILTER (WHERE "flight_count__1" IS NOT NULL) as "flight_count__1", FIRST("total_distance__1") FILTER (WHERE "total_distance__1" IS NOT NULL) as "total_distance__1", FIRST("percent_of_flights__1") FILTER (WHERE "percent_of_flights__1" IS NOT NULL) as "percent_of_flights__1", CASE WHEN group_set IN (2,3) THEN "destination_name__2" END as "destination_name__2", FIRST("flight_count__2") FILTER (WHERE "flight_count__2" IS NOT NULL) as "flight_count__2", FIRST("total_distance__2") FILTER (WHERE "total_distance__2" IS NOT NULL) as "total_distance__2", FIRST("percent_of_flights__2") FILTER (WHERE "percent_of_flights__2" IS NOT NULL) as "percent_of_flights__2", COALESCE(LIST({ "nickname": "nickname__3", "flight_count": "flight_count__3"} ORDER BY "flight_count__3" desc NULLS LAST) FILTER (WHERE group_set=3),[]) as "cl__2", CASE WHEN group_set=4 THEN "carrier_name__4" END as "carrier_name__4", FIRST("flight_count__4") FILTER (WHERE "flight_count__4" IS NOT NULL) as "flight_count__4", CASE WHEN group_set=5 THEN "dep_month__5" END as "dep_month__5", FIRST("flight_count__5") FILTER (WHERE "flight_count__5" IS NOT NULL) as "flight_count__5" FROM __stage0 WHERE group_set NOT IN (0) GROUP BY 1,2,6,11,13 ) SELECT "origin_name__1" as "origin_name", MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "flight_count__1" END) as "flight_count", MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "total_distance__1" END) as "total_distance", MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "percent_of_flights__1" END) as "percent_of_flights", COALESCE(LIST({ "destination_name": "destination_name__2", "flight_count": "flight_count__2", "total_distance": "total_distance__2", "percent_of_flights": "percent_of_flights__2", "cl": "cl__2"} ORDER BY "flight_count__2" desc NULLS LAST) FILTER (WHERE group_set=2)[1:6],[]) as "destination_name", COALESCE(LIST({ "carrier_name": "carrier_name__4", "flight_count": "flight_count__4"} ORDER BY "flight_count__4" desc NULLS LAST) FILTER (WHERE group_set=4),[]) as "carrier_name", COALESCE(LIST({ "dep_month": "dep_month__5", "flight_count": "flight_count__5"} ORDER BY "dep_month__5" desc NULLS LAST) FILTER (WHERE group_set=5),[]) as "dep_month" FROM __stage1 GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY 2 desc NULLS LAST
Wait, that looks really complex? What do those things mean?
If you press the control key and hover over any of the terms, the Malloy VSCode extension will show you the semantic definition for the term.
Back to Step 1: How big is the pile?
Ok, let's slow down and go step by step.
Often, the first thing you want to know is, how big is the dataset?
run: flights-> flight_count[ { "flight_count": 344827 } ]
SELECT COUNT(1) as "flight_count" FROM '../../documentation/data/flights.parquet' as base
In Malloy, queries start with run: <source>. In this case, flights. The -> is the query transform operator. The right hand side of the -> is the query transformation. In this case we want a simple measure, flight_count.
Dimensions and Measures
As we talked about earlier. Aggregating queries have two parts: what you want to group by, and what you want to measure about things in that group. Let's group the flights by the origin, and count how many flights. When building a query, we use the + operator to combine the parts.
run: flights -> origin_name + flight_count [ { "origin_name": "ATL - ATLANTA", "flight_count": 17875 }, { "origin_name": "DFW - DALLAS-FORT WORTH", "flight_count": 17782 }, { "origin_name": "ORD - CHICAGO", "flight_count": 14214 }, { "origin_name": "PHX - PHOENIX", "flight_count": 12476 }, { "origin_name": "LAS - LAS VEGAS", "flight_count": 11096 }, { "origin_name": "LAX - LOS ANGELES", "flight_count": 11077 }, { "origin_name": "MSP - MINNEAPOLIS", "flight_count": 9762 }, { "origin_name": "DTW - DETROIT", "flight_count": 8161 }, { "origin_name": "PHL - PHILADELPHIA", "flight_count": 7708 }, { "origin_name": "LGA - NEW YORK", "flight_count": 7623 }, { "origin_name": "DEN - DENVER", "flight_count": 7190 }, { "origin_name": "BWI - BALTIMORE", "flight_count": 7177 }, { "origin_name": "CLT - CHARLOTTE", "flight_count": 7099 }, { "origin_name": "SEA - SEATTLE", "flight_count": 7010 }, { "origin_name": "MCO - ORLANDO", "flight_count": 6790 }, { "origin_name": "DCA - WASHINGTON", "flight_count": 6678 }, { "origin_name": "IAH - HOUSTON", "flight_count": 6623 }, { "origin_name": "MDW - CHICAGO", "flight_count": 6611 }, { "origin_name": "BOS - BOSTON", "flight_count": 5797 }, { "origin_name": "EWR - NEWARK", "flight_count": 5174 }, { "origin_name": "CLE - CLEVELAND", "flight_count": 5127 }, { "origin_name": "OAK - OAKLAND", "flight_count": 5076 }, { "origin_name": "SAN - SAN DIEGO", "flight_count": 5075 }, { "origin_name": "TPA - TAMPA", "flight_count": 4868 }, { "origin_name": "PIT - PITTSBURGH", "flight_count": 4541 }, { "origin_name": "SFO - SAN FRANCISCO", "flight_count": 4540 }, { "origin_name": "BNA - NASHVILLE", "flight_count": 4287 }, { "origin_name": "STL - ST LOUIS", "flight_count": 4089 }, { "origin_name": "MCI - KANSAS CITY", "flight_count": 4078 }, { "origin_name": "IAD - WASHINGTON", "flight_count": 3885 }, { "origin_name": "SJC - SAN JOSE", "flight_count": 3825 }, { "origin_name": "JFK - NEW YORK", "flight_count": 3689 }, { "origin_name": "FLL - FORT LAUDERDALE", "flight_count": 3619 }, { "origin_name": "PDX - PORTLAND", "flight_count": 3596 }, { "origin_name": "SMF - SACRAMENTO", "flight_count": 3576 }, { "origin_name": "HOU - HOUSTON", "flight_count": 3430 }, { "origin_name": "CVG - COVINGTON/CINCINNATI, OH", "flight_count": 3300 }, { "origin_name": "MSY - NEW ORLEANS", "flight_count": 3254 }, { "origin_name": "ABQ - ALBUQUERQUE", "flight_count": 2762 }, { "origin_name": "SLC - SALT LAKE CITY", "flight_count": 2741 }, { "origin_name": "ONT - ONTARIO", "flight_count": 2642 }, { "origin_name": "RDU - RALEIGH/DURHAM", "flight_count": 2444 }, { "origin_name": "MIA - MIAMI", "flight_count": 2387 }, { "origin_name": "PVD - PROVIDENCE", "flight_count": 2361 }, { "origin_name": "MEM - MEMPHIS", "flight_count": 2242 }, { "origin_name": "IND - INDIANAPOLIS", "flight_count": 2226 }, { "origin_name": "BDL - WINDSOR LOCKS", "flight_count": 2168 }, { "origin_name": "AUS - AUSTIN", "flight_count": 2091 }, { "origin_name": "RNO - RENO", "flight_count": 1992 }, { "origin_name": "BUR - BURBANK", "flight_count": 1952 }, { "origin_name": "SNA - SANTA ANA", "flight_count": 1919 }, { "origin_name": "SAT - SAN ANTONIO", "flight_count": 1865 }, { "origin_name": "CMH - COLUMBUS", "flight_count": 1712 }, { "origin_name": "DAL - DALLAS", "flight_count": 1662 }, { "origin_name": "MHT - MANCHESTER", "flight_count": 1626 }, { "origin_name": "JAX - JACKSONVILLE", "flight_count": 1599 }, { "origin_name": "ELP - EL PASO", "flight_count": 1438 }, { "origin_name": "PBI - WEST PALM BEACH", "flight_count": 1379 }, { "origin_name": "ISP - ISLIP", "flight_count": 1302 }, { "origin_name": "BUF - BUFFALO", "flight_count": 1246 }, { "origin_name": "BHM - BIRMINGHAM", "flight_count": 1200 }, { "origin_name": "RSW - FORT MYERS", "flight_count": 1169 }, { "origin_name": "MKE - MILWAUKEE", "flight_count": 1132 }, { "origin_name": "ALB - ALBANY", "flight_count": 1108 }, { "origin_name": "TUS - TUCSON", "flight_count": 1062 }, { "origin_name": "SDF - LOUISVILLE", "flight_count": 1003 }, { "origin_name": "TUL - TULSA", "flight_count": 984 }, { "origin_name": "OMA - OMAHA", "flight_count": 946 }, { "origin_name": "RIC - RICHMOND", "flight_count": 946 }, { "origin_name": "GEG - SPOKANE", "flight_count": 922 }, { "origin_name": "OKC - OKLAHOMA CITY", "flight_count": 905 }, { "origin_name": "ORF - NORFOLK", "flight_count": 888 }, { "origin_name": "LIT - LITTLE ROCK", "flight_count": 853 }, { "origin_name": "BOI - BOISE", "flight_count": 795 }, { "origin_name": "PFN - PANAMA CITY", "flight_count": 778 }, { "origin_name": "AGS - AUGUSTA", "flight_count": 756 }, { "origin_name": "ANC - ANCHORAGE", "flight_count": 748 }, { "origin_name": "ROC - ROCHESTER", "flight_count": 733 }, { "origin_name": "AVL - ASHEVILLE", "flight_count": 727 }, { "origin_name": "CHA - CHATTANOOGA", "flight_count": 697 }, { "origin_name": "LGB - LONG BEACH", "flight_count": 661 }, { "origin_name": "CSG - COLUMBUS", "flight_count": 654 }, { "origin_name": "SJU - SAN JUAN", "flight_count": 645 }, { "origin_name": "MYR - MYRTLE BEACH", "flight_count": 628 }, { "origin_name": "HSV - HUNTSVILLE", "flight_count": 607 }, { "origin_name": "SYR - SYRACUSE", "flight_count": 597 }, { "origin_name": "MDT - HARRISBURG", "flight_count": 584 }, { "origin_name": "TRI - BRISTOL/JOHNSON/KINGSPORT", "flight_count": 566 }, { "origin_name": "GRR - GRAND RAPIDS", "flight_count": 513 }, { "origin_name": "ABE - ALLENTOWN", "flight_count": 510 }, { "origin_name": "MGM - MONTGOMERY", "flight_count": 500 }, { "origin_name": "ACT - WACO", "flight_count": 494 }, { "origin_name": "TYR - TYLER", "flight_count": 480 }, { "origin_name": "GNV - GAINESVILLE", "flight_count": 470 }, { "origin_name": "GSO - GREENSBORO", "flight_count": 470 }, { "origin_name": "CHS - CHARLESTON", "flight_count": 466 }, { "origin_name": "TYS - KNOXVILLE", "flight_count": 464 }, { "origin_name": "SPS - WICHITA FALLS", "flight_count": 457 }, { "origin_name": "CLL - COLLEGE STATION", "flight_count": 454 }, { "origin_name": "COS - COLORADO SPRINGS", "flight_count": 426 }, { "origin_name": "LBB - LUBBOCK", "flight_count": 425 }, { "origin_name": "LAW - LAWTON", "flight_count": 423 }, { "origin_name": "SAV - SAVANNAH", "flight_count": 419 }, { "origin_name": "DAY - DAYTON", "flight_count": 416 }, { "origin_name": "ILE - KILLEEN", "flight_count": 416 }, { "origin_name": "MAF - MIDLAND", "flight_count": 409 }, { "origin_name": "SHV - SHREVEPORT", "flight_count": 406 }, { "origin_name": "VPS - VALPARAISO", "flight_count": 403 }, { "origin_name": "CAE - COLUMBIA", "flight_count": 376 }, { "origin_name": "JAN - JACKSON", "flight_count": 356 }, { "origin_name": "PWM - PORTLAND", "flight_count": 326 }, { "origin_name": "DHN - DOTHAN", "flight_count": 324 }, { "origin_name": "XNA - FAYETTEVILLE/SPRINGDALE/", "flight_count": 319 }, { "origin_name": "HPN - WHITE PLAINS", "flight_count": 315 }, { "origin_name": "BTV - BURLINGTON", "flight_count": 307 }, { "origin_name": "LEX - LEXINGTON", "flight_count": 305 }, { "origin_name": "AMA - AMARILLO", "flight_count": 298 }, { "origin_name": "ABI - ABILENE", "flight_count": 297 }, { "origin_name": "TLH - TALLAHASSEE", "flight_count": 285 }, { "origin_name": "GPT - GULFPORT", "flight_count": 278 }, { "origin_name": "BTR - BATON ROUGE", "flight_count": 274 }, { "origin_name": "MSN - MADISON", "flight_count": 271 }, { "origin_name": "HNL - HONOLULU", "flight_count": 267 }, { "origin_name": "GGG - LONGVIEW", "flight_count": 258 }, { "origin_name": "DSM - DES MOINES", "flight_count": 254 }, { "origin_name": "GSP - GREER", "flight_count": 241 }, { "origin_name": "PSP - PALM SPRINGS", "flight_count": 240 }, { "origin_name": "SJT - SAN ANGELO", "flight_count": 223 }, { "origin_name": "TXK - TEXARKANA", "flight_count": 207 }, { "origin_name": "FSM - FORT SMITH", "flight_count": 202 }, { "origin_name": "VLD - VALDOSTA", "flight_count": 200 }, { "origin_name": "PNS - PENSACOLA", "flight_count": 194 }, { "origin_name": "SRQ - SARASOTA/BRADENTON", "flight_count": 192 }, { "origin_name": "HRL - HARLINGEN", "flight_count": 185 }, { "origin_name": "SGF - SPRINGFIELD", "flight_count": 185 }, { "origin_name": "ICT - WICHITA", "flight_count": 183 }, { "origin_name": "CRP - CORPUS CHRISTI", "flight_count": 181 }, { "origin_name": "LFT - LAFAYETTE", "flight_count": 176 }, { "origin_name": "GRK - FORT HOOD/KILLEEN", "flight_count": 161 }, { "origin_name": "ROA - ROANOKE", "flight_count": 158 }, { "origin_name": "MFE - MC ALLEN", "flight_count": 154 }, { "origin_name": "ILM - WILMINGTON", "flight_count": 128 }, { "origin_name": "MOB - MOBILE", "flight_count": 125 }, { "origin_name": "FAI - FAIRBANKS", "flight_count": 114 }, { "origin_name": "OGG - KAHULUI", "flight_count": 110 }, { "origin_name": "LRD - LAREDO", "flight_count": 107 }, { "origin_name": "MCN - MACON", "flight_count": 102 }, { "origin_name": "BRO - BROWNSVILLE", "flight_count": 94 }, { "origin_name": "BGR - BANGOR", "flight_count": 94 }, { "origin_name": "JAC - JACKSON", "flight_count": 86 }, { "origin_name": "FAY - FAYETTEVILLE", "flight_count": 83 }, { "origin_name": "FNT - FLINT", "flight_count": 83 }, { "origin_name": "FAR - FARGO", "flight_count": 83 }, { "origin_name": "AEX - ALEXANDRIA", "flight_count": 80 }, { "origin_name": "BPT - BEAUMONT/PORT ARTHUR", "flight_count": 77 }, { "origin_name": "STT - CHARLOTTE AMALIE", "flight_count": 76 }, { "origin_name": "PIE - ST PETERSBURG-CLEARWATER", "flight_count": 65 }, { "origin_name": "BZN - BOZEMAN", "flight_count": 62 }, { "origin_name": "FAT - FRESNO", "flight_count": 57 }, { "origin_name": "AVP - WILKES-BARRE/SCRANTON", "flight_count": 51 }, { "origin_name": "GRB - GREEN BAY", "flight_count": 47 }, { "origin_name": "EVV - EVANSVILLE", "flight_count": 42 }, { "origin_name": "MSO - MISSOULA", "flight_count": 41 }, { "origin_name": "LCH - LAKE CHARLES", "flight_count": 41 }, { "origin_name": "TOL - TOLEDO", "flight_count": 40 }, { "origin_name": "LAN - LANSING", "flight_count": 40 }, { "origin_name": "CID - CEDAR RAPIDS", "flight_count": 40 }, { "origin_name": "DLH - DULUTH", "flight_count": 40 }, { "origin_name": "GTR - COLUMBUS/W POINT/STARKVILL", "flight_count": 37 }, { "origin_name": "MEI - MERIDIAN", "flight_count": 37 }, { "origin_name": "FSD - SIOUX FALLS", "flight_count": 35 }, { "origin_name": "MTJ - MONTROSE", "flight_count": 32 }, { "origin_name": "CAK - AKRON", "flight_count": 32 }, { "origin_name": "CRW - CHARLESTON", "flight_count": 32 }, { "origin_name": "FWA - FORT WAYNE", "flight_count": 31 }, { "origin_name": "DAB - DAYTONA BEACH", "flight_count": 31 }, { "origin_name": "SBN - SOUTH BEND", "flight_count": 25 }, { "origin_name": "ATW - APPLETON", "flight_count": 24 }, { "origin_name": "KOA - KAILUA/KONA", "flight_count": 24 }, { "origin_name": "EGE - EAGLE", "flight_count": 24 }, { "origin_name": "RAP - RAPID CITY", "flight_count": 22 }, { "origin_name": "ERI - ERIE", "flight_count": 21 }, { "origin_name": "EFD - HOUSTON", "flight_count": 21 }, { "origin_name": "AZO - KALAMAZOO", "flight_count": 19 }, { "origin_name": "ACY - ATLANTIC CITY", "flight_count": 18 }, { "origin_name": "SBA - SANTA BARBARA", "flight_count": 18 }, { "origin_name": "GTF - GREAT FALLS", "flight_count": 18 }, { "origin_name": "MLI - MOLINE", "flight_count": 17 }, { "origin_name": "FCA - KALISPELL", "flight_count": 17 }, { "origin_name": "ACK - NANTUCKET", "flight_count": 15 }, { "origin_name": "BIL - BILLINGS", "flight_count": 15 }, { "origin_name": "MLU - MONROE", "flight_count": 15 }, { "origin_name": " - ", "flight_count": 14 }, { "origin_name": "LYH - LYNCHBURG", "flight_count": 14 }, { "origin_name": "BGM - BINGHAMTON", "flight_count": 13 }, { "origin_name": "SWF - NEWBURGH", "flight_count": 13 }, { "origin_name": "ORH - WORCESTER", "flight_count": 12 }, { "origin_name": "HDN - HAYDEN", "flight_count": 12 }, { "origin_name": "MLB - MELBOURNE", "flight_count": 10 }, { "origin_name": "CHO - CHARLOTTESVILLE", "flight_count": 9 }, { "origin_name": "BQN - AGUADILLA", "flight_count": 9 }, { "origin_name": "LNK - LINCOLN", "flight_count": 9 }, { "origin_name": "BFL - BAKERSFIELD", "flight_count": 9 }, { "origin_name": "CMI - CHAMPAIGN/URBANA", "flight_count": 8 }, { "origin_name": "GUC - GUNNISON", "flight_count": 7 }, { "origin_name": "ABY - ALBANY", "flight_count": 6 }, { "origin_name": "EUG - EUGENE", "flight_count": 5 }, { "origin_name": "DRO - DURANGO", "flight_count": 5 }, { "origin_name": "HLN - HELENA", "flight_count": 5 }, { "origin_name": "BIS - BISMARCK", "flight_count": 5 }, { "origin_name": "HTS - HUNTINGTON", "flight_count": 4 }, { "origin_name": "HVN - NEW HAVEN", "flight_count": 4 }, { "origin_name": "MRY - MONTEREY", "flight_count": 3 }, { "origin_name": "STX - CHRISTIANSTED", "flight_count": 3 }, { "origin_name": "EYW - KEY WEST", "flight_count": 3 }, { "origin_name": "PSE - PONCE", "flight_count": 3 }, { "origin_name": "VCT - VICTORIA", "flight_count": 3 }, { "origin_name": "BQK - BRUNSWICK", "flight_count": 2 }, { "origin_name": "TVC - TRAVERSE CITY", "flight_count": 2 }, { "origin_name": "MFR - MEDFORD", "flight_count": 1 }, { "origin_name": "FLO - FLORENCE", "flight_count": 1 }, { "origin_name": "LSE - LA CROSSE", "flight_count": 1 }, { "origin_name": "ELM - ELMIRA/CORNING", "flight_count": 1 }, { "origin_name": "PHF - NEWPORT NEWS", "flight_count": 1 }, { "origin_name": "ITH - ITHACA", "flight_count": 1 } ]
SELECT CONCAT(origin_0."code",' - ',origin_0."city") as "origin_name", COUNT(1) as "flight_count" FROM '../../documentation/data/flights.parquet' as base LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/airports.parquet' AS origin_0 ON origin_0."code"=base."origin" GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY 2 desc NULLS LAST
Seats in the Air
Another way of measuring the busyness of an airport is to try and estimate the number of people that travel through the airport. Planes are of different sizes. If we count up all the seats in all the planes that have arrived, we can approximate the busyness. The measure seats_for_sale will give us the maximum number of people that could have landed there.
Notice Chicago has more people traveling through than Dallas-Fort Worth.
run: flights -> origin_name + seats_for_sale + flight_count[ { "origin_name": "ATL - ATLANTA", "seats_for_sale": 2686015, "flight_count": 17875 }, { "origin_name": "ORD - CHICAGO", "seats_for_sale": 2430878, "flight_count": 14214 }, { "origin_name": "DFW - DALLAS-FORT WORTH", "seats_for_sale": 2123314, "flight_count": 17782 }, { "origin_name": "LAX - LOS ANGELES", "seats_for_sale": 1936876, "flight_count": 11077 }, { "origin_name": "PHX - PHOENIX", "seats_for_sale": 1919936, "flight_count": 12476 }, { "origin_name": "LAS - LAS VEGAS", "seats_for_sale": 1814378, "flight_count": 11096 }, { "origin_name": "MSP - MINNEAPOLIS", "seats_for_sale": 1714313, "flight_count": 9762 }, { "origin_name": "DEN - DENVER", "seats_for_sale": 1462336, "flight_count": 7190 }, { "origin_name": "DTW - DETROIT", "seats_for_sale": 1341497, "flight_count": 8161 }, { "origin_name": "SEA - SEATTLE", "seats_for_sale": 1245108, "flight_count": 7010 }, { "origin_name": "LGA - NEW YORK", "seats_for_sale": 1227369, "flight_count": 7623 }, { "origin_name": "MCO - ORLANDO", "seats_for_sale": 1148702, "flight_count": 6790 }, { "origin_name": "PHL - PHILADELPHIA", "seats_for_sale": 1142035, "flight_count": 7708 }, { "origin_name": "CLT - CHARLOTTE", "seats_for_sale": 1115730, "flight_count": 7099 }, { "origin_name": "BWI - BALTIMORE", "seats_for_sale": 1064319, "flight_count": 7177 }, { "origin_name": "DCA - WASHINGTON", "seats_for_sale": 975309, "flight_count": 6678 }, { "origin_name": "MDW - CHICAGO", "seats_for_sale": 958896, "flight_count": 6611 }, { "origin_name": "BOS - BOSTON", "seats_for_sale": 917748, "flight_count": 5797 }, { "origin_name": "SFO - SAN FRANCISCO", "seats_for_sale": 848509, "flight_count": 4540 }, { "origin_name": "TPA - TAMPA", "seats_for_sale": 825925, "flight_count": 4868 }, { "origin_name": "SAN - SAN DIEGO", "seats_for_sale": 823100, "flight_count": 5075 }, { "origin_name": "IAD - WASHINGTON", "seats_for_sale": 801083, "flight_count": 3885 }, { "origin_name": "OAK - OAKLAND", "seats_for_sale": 775116, "flight_count": 5076 }, { "origin_name": "IAH - HOUSTON", "seats_for_sale": 703954, "flight_count": 6623 }, { "origin_name": "PIT - PITTSBURGH", "seats_for_sale": 676974, "flight_count": 4541 }, { "origin_name": "JFK - NEW YORK", "seats_for_sale": 626555, "flight_count": 3689 }, { "origin_name": "FLL - FORT LAUDERDALE", "seats_for_sale": 619704, "flight_count": 3619 }, { "origin_name": "PDX - PORTLAND", "seats_for_sale": 608348, "flight_count": 3596 }, { "origin_name": "SJC - SAN JOSE", "seats_for_sale": 601204, "flight_count": 3825 }, { "origin_name": "STL - ST LOUIS", "seats_for_sale": 596188, "flight_count": 4089 }, { "origin_name": "EWR - NEWARK", "seats_for_sale": 594868, "flight_count": 5174 }, { "origin_name": "BNA - NASHVILLE", "seats_for_sale": 594525, "flight_count": 4287 }, { "origin_name": "MCI - KANSAS CITY", "seats_for_sale": 583287, "flight_count": 4078 }, { "origin_name": "SLC - SALT LAKE CITY", "seats_for_sale": 548278, "flight_count": 2741 }, { "origin_name": "SMF - SACRAMENTO", "seats_for_sale": 546267, "flight_count": 3576 }, { "origin_name": "MSY - NEW ORLEANS", "seats_for_sale": 519599, "flight_count": 3254 }, { "origin_name": "HOU - HOUSTON", "seats_for_sale": 494499, "flight_count": 3430 }, { "origin_name": "MIA - MIAMI", "seats_for_sale": 439047, "flight_count": 2387 }, { "origin_name": "CLE - CLEVELAND", "seats_for_sale": 417097, "flight_count": 5127 }, { "origin_name": "ONT - ONTARIO", "seats_for_sale": 411496, "flight_count": 2642 }, { "origin_name": "ABQ - ALBUQUERQUE", "seats_for_sale": 411311, "flight_count": 2762 }, { "origin_name": "CVG - COVINGTON/CINCINNATI, OH", "seats_for_sale": 388118, "flight_count": 3300 }, { "origin_name": "RDU - RALEIGH/DURHAM", "seats_for_sale": 355047, "flight_count": 2444 }, { "origin_name": "MEM - MEMPHIS", "seats_for_sale": 342259, "flight_count": 2242 }, { "origin_name": "PVD - PROVIDENCE", "seats_for_sale": 341742, "flight_count": 2361 }, { "origin_name": "BDL - WINDSOR LOCKS", "seats_for_sale": 336565, "flight_count": 2168 }, { "origin_name": "AUS - AUSTIN", "seats_for_sale": 321070, "flight_count": 2091 }, { "origin_name": "RNO - RENO", "seats_for_sale": 307684, "flight_count": 1992 }, { "origin_name": "IND - INDIANAPOLIS", "seats_for_sale": 307466, "flight_count": 2226 }, { "origin_name": "SNA - SANTA ANA", "seats_for_sale": 302956, "flight_count": 1919 }, { "origin_name": "BUR - BURBANK", "seats_for_sale": 295747, "flight_count": 1952 }, { "origin_name": "SAT - SAN ANTONIO", "seats_for_sale": 279791, "flight_count": 1865 }, { "origin_name": "JAX - JACKSONVILLE", "seats_for_sale": 276128, "flight_count": 1599 }, { "origin_name": "PBI - WEST PALM BEACH", "seats_for_sale": 248750, "flight_count": 1379 }, { "origin_name": "MHT - MANCHESTER", "seats_for_sale": 239093, "flight_count": 1626 }, { "origin_name": "CMH - COLUMBUS", "seats_for_sale": 238801, "flight_count": 1712 }, { "origin_name": "DAL - DALLAS", "seats_for_sale": 238567, "flight_count": 1662 }, { "origin_name": "RSW - FORT MYERS", "seats_for_sale": 226806, "flight_count": 1169 }, { "origin_name": "ELP - EL PASO", "seats_for_sale": 214052, "flight_count": 1438 }, { "origin_name": "ISP - ISLIP", "seats_for_sale": 171446, "flight_count": 1302 }, { "origin_name": "BUF - BUFFALO", "seats_for_sale": 169796, "flight_count": 1246 }, { "origin_name": "TUS - TUCSON", "seats_for_sale": 166162, "flight_count": 1062 }, { "origin_name": "BHM - BIRMINGHAM", "seats_for_sale": 159562, "flight_count": 1200 }, { "origin_name": "ANC - ANCHORAGE", "seats_for_sale": 158055, "flight_count": 748 }, { "origin_name": "MKE - MILWAUKEE", "seats_for_sale": 152217, "flight_count": 1132 }, { "origin_name": "GEG - SPOKANE", "seats_for_sale": 144575, "flight_count": 922 }, { "origin_name": "RIC - RICHMOND", "seats_for_sale": 138549, "flight_count": 946 }, { "origin_name": "ALB - ALBANY", "seats_for_sale": 133982, "flight_count": 1108 }, { "origin_name": "OMA - OMAHA", "seats_for_sale": 131609, "flight_count": 946 }, { "origin_name": "SJU - SAN JUAN", "seats_for_sale": 129403, "flight_count": 645 }, { "origin_name": "LGB - LONG BEACH", "seats_for_sale": 125638, "flight_count": 661 }, { "origin_name": "SDF - LOUISVILLE", "seats_for_sale": 123124, "flight_count": 1003 }, { "origin_name": "TUL - TULSA", "seats_for_sale": 121753, "flight_count": 984 }, { "origin_name": "BOI - BOISE", "seats_for_sale": 117813, "flight_count": 795 }, { "origin_name": "ORF - NORFOLK", "seats_for_sale": 113904, "flight_count": 888 }, { "origin_name": "OKC - OKLAHOMA CITY", "seats_for_sale": 104570, "flight_count": 905 }, { "origin_name": "ROC - ROCHESTER", "seats_for_sale": 97846, "flight_count": 733 }, { "origin_name": "LIT - LITTLE ROCK", "seats_for_sale": 83404, "flight_count": 853 }, { "origin_name": "HSV - HUNTSVILLE", "seats_for_sale": 74655, "flight_count": 607 }, { "origin_name": "SYR - SYRACUSE", "seats_for_sale": 70910, "flight_count": 597 }, { "origin_name": "MYR - MYRTLE BEACH", "seats_for_sale": 69135, "flight_count": 628 }, { "origin_name": "MDT - HARRISBURG", "seats_for_sale": 66779, "flight_count": 584 }, { "origin_name": "COS - COLORADO SPRINGS", "seats_for_sale": 61809, "flight_count": 426 }, { "origin_name": "PFN - PANAMA CITY", "seats_for_sale": 59086, "flight_count": 778 }, { "origin_name": "CHS - CHARLESTON", "seats_for_sale": 57840, "flight_count": 466 }, { "origin_name": "GRR - GRAND RAPIDS", "seats_for_sale": 57828, "flight_count": 513 }, { "origin_name": "AVL - ASHEVILLE", "seats_for_sale": 57624, "flight_count": 727 }, { "origin_name": "AGS - AUGUSTA", "seats_for_sale": 56508, "flight_count": 756 }, { "origin_name": "SAV - SAVANNAH", "seats_for_sale": 56323, "flight_count": 419 }, { "origin_name": "ABE - ALLENTOWN", "seats_for_sale": 54345, "flight_count": 510 }, { "origin_name": "GSO - GREENSBORO", "seats_for_sale": 53645, "flight_count": 470 }, { "origin_name": "CHA - CHATTANOOGA", "seats_for_sale": 52611, "flight_count": 697 }, { "origin_name": "CSG - COLUMBUS", "seats_for_sale": 49484, "flight_count": 654 }, { "origin_name": "JAN - JACKSON", "seats_for_sale": 45800, "flight_count": 356 }, { "origin_name": "CAE - COLUMBIA", "seats_for_sale": 44762, "flight_count": 376 }, { "origin_name": "LBB - LUBBOCK", "seats_for_sale": 43451, "flight_count": 425 }, { "origin_name": "TRI - BRISTOL/JOHNSON/KINGSPORT", "seats_for_sale": 42761, "flight_count": 566 }, { "origin_name": "MAF - MIDLAND", "seats_for_sale": 41588, "flight_count": 409 }, { "origin_name": "TYS - KNOXVILLE", "seats_for_sale": 39145, "flight_count": 464 }, { "origin_name": "PSP - PALM SPRINGS", "seats_for_sale": 39058, "flight_count": 240 }, { "origin_name": "HNL - HONOLULU", "seats_for_sale": 38498, "flight_count": 267 }, { "origin_name": "TLH - TALLAHASSEE", "seats_for_sale": 38374, "flight_count": 285 }, { "origin_name": "MGM - MONTGOMERY", "seats_for_sale": 38000, "flight_count": 500 }, { "origin_name": "GNV - GAINESVILLE", "seats_for_sale": 35720, "flight_count": 470 }, { "origin_name": "BTV - BURLINGTON", "seats_for_sale": 35047, "flight_count": 307 }, { "origin_name": "DAY - DAYTON", "seats_for_sale": 30449, "flight_count": 416 }, { "origin_name": "VPS - VALPARAISO", "seats_for_sale": 30250, "flight_count": 403 }, { "origin_name": "MSN - MADISON", "seats_for_sale": 29127, "flight_count": 271 }, { "origin_name": "AMA - AMARILLO", "seats_for_sale": 28588, "flight_count": 298 }, { "origin_name": "SRQ - SARASOTA/BRADENTON", "seats_for_sale": 26930, "flight_count": 192 }, { "origin_name": "PWM - PORTLAND", "seats_for_sale": 26890, "flight_count": 326 }, { "origin_name": "DHN - DOTHAN", "seats_for_sale": 24580, "flight_count": 324 }, { "origin_name": "MFE - MC ALLEN", "seats_for_sale": 22795, "flight_count": 154 }, { "origin_name": "BTR - BATON ROUGE", "seats_for_sale": 21359, "flight_count": 274 }, { "origin_name": "HRL - HARLINGEN", "seats_for_sale": 20877, "flight_count": 185 }, { "origin_name": "GPT - GULFPORT", "seats_for_sale": 20478, "flight_count": 278 }, { "origin_name": "LEX - LEXINGTON", "seats_for_sale": 20175, "flight_count": 305 }, { "origin_name": "FAI - FAIRBANKS", "seats_for_sale": 19668, "flight_count": 114 }, { "origin_name": "PNS - PENSACOLA", "seats_for_sale": 19510, "flight_count": 194 }, { "origin_name": "GSP - GREER", "seats_for_sale": 18898, "flight_count": 241 }, { "origin_name": "ACT - WACO", "seats_for_sale": 18734, "flight_count": 494 }, { "origin_name": "ILM - WILMINGTON", "seats_for_sale": 18373, "flight_count": 128 }, { "origin_name": "TYR - TYLER", "seats_for_sale": 18196, "flight_count": 480 }, { "origin_name": "CLL - COLLEGE STATION", "seats_for_sale": 17256, "flight_count": 454 }, { "origin_name": "SPS - WICHITA FALLS", "seats_for_sale": 17243, "flight_count": 457 }, { "origin_name": "SHV - SHREVEPORT", "seats_for_sale": 16253, "flight_count": 406 }, { "origin_name": "LAW - LAWTON", "seats_for_sale": 16031, "flight_count": 423 }, { "origin_name": "ILE - KILLEEN", "seats_for_sale": 15729, "flight_count": 416 }, { "origin_name": "JAC - JACKSON", "seats_for_sale": 15063, "flight_count": 86 }, { "origin_name": "VLD - VALDOSTA", "seats_for_sale": 14980, "flight_count": 200 }, { "origin_name": "STT - CHARLOTTE AMALIE", "seats_for_sale": 14798, "flight_count": 76 }, { "origin_name": "DSM - DES MOINES", "seats_for_sale": 13818, "flight_count": 254 }, { "origin_name": "ROA - ROANOKE", "seats_for_sale": 13684, "flight_count": 158 }, { "origin_name": "XNA - FAYETTEVILLE/SPRINGDALE/", "seats_for_sale": 13437, "flight_count": 319 }, { "origin_name": "OGG - KAHULUI", "seats_for_sale": 13086, "flight_count": 110 }, { "origin_name": "MOB - MOBILE", "seats_for_sale": 13022, "flight_count": 125 }, { "origin_name": "FAR - FARGO", "seats_for_sale": 12869, "flight_count": 83 }, { "origin_name": "CRP - CORPUS CHRISTI", "seats_for_sale": 12867, "flight_count": 181 }, { "origin_name": "ICT - WICHITA", "seats_for_sale": 12485, "flight_count": 183 }, { "origin_name": "ABI - ABILENE", "seats_for_sale": 11345, "flight_count": 297 }, { "origin_name": "HPN - WHITE PLAINS", "seats_for_sale": 11257, "flight_count": 315 }, { "origin_name": "BZN - BOZEMAN", "seats_for_sale": 10015, "flight_count": 62 }, { "origin_name": "FAT - FRESNO", "seats_for_sale": 9804, "flight_count": 57 }, { "origin_name": "GGG - LONGVIEW", "seats_for_sale": 9790, "flight_count": 258 }, { "origin_name": "PIE - ST PETERSBURG-CLEARWATER", "seats_for_sale": 9685, "flight_count": 65 }, { "origin_name": "FNT - FLINT", "seats_for_sale": 9005, "flight_count": 83 }, { "origin_name": "SJT - SAN ANGELO", "seats_for_sale": 8553, "flight_count": 223 }, { "origin_name": "TXK - TEXARKANA", "seats_for_sale": 7803, "flight_count": 207 }, { "origin_name": "LFT - LAFAYETTE", "seats_for_sale": 7788, "flight_count": 176 }, { "origin_name": "FSM - FORT SMITH", "seats_for_sale": 7764, "flight_count": 202 }, { "origin_name": "MCN - MACON", "seats_for_sale": 7532, "flight_count": 102 }, { "origin_name": "SGF - SPRINGFIELD", "seats_for_sale": 7363, "flight_count": 185 }, { "origin_name": "DLH - DULUTH", "seats_for_sale": 6651, "flight_count": 40 }, { "origin_name": "FAY - FAYETTEVILLE", "seats_for_sale": 6264, "flight_count": 83 }, { "origin_name": "GRK - FORT HOOD/KILLEEN", "seats_for_sale": 6101, "flight_count": 161 }, { "origin_name": "KOA - KAILUA/KONA", "seats_for_sale": 6054, "flight_count": 24 }, { "origin_name": "MSO - MISSOULA", "seats_for_sale": 6045, "flight_count": 41 }, { "origin_name": "AVP - WILKES-BARRE/SCRANTON", "seats_for_sale": 5719, "flight_count": 51 }, { "origin_name": "GRB - GREEN BAY", "seats_for_sale": 5306, "flight_count": 47 }, { "origin_name": "BRO - BROWNSVILLE", "seats_for_sale": 5264, "flight_count": 94 }, { "origin_name": "FSD - SIOUX FALLS", "seats_for_sale": 4746, "flight_count": 35 }, { "origin_name": "LRD - LAREDO", "seats_for_sale": 4479, "flight_count": 107 }, { "origin_name": "EGE - EAGLE", "seats_for_sale": 4272, "flight_count": 24 }, { "origin_name": "BGR - BANGOR", "seats_for_sale": 3712, "flight_count": 94 }, { "origin_name": "MTJ - MONTROSE", "seats_for_sale": 3704, "flight_count": 32 }, { "origin_name": "LAN - LANSING", "seats_for_sale": 3622, "flight_count": 40 }, { "origin_name": "BPT - BEAUMONT/PORT ARTHUR", "seats_for_sale": 3519, "flight_count": 77 }, { "origin_name": "AEX - ALEXANDRIA", "seats_for_sale": 3439, "flight_count": 80 }, { "origin_name": "RAP - RAPID CITY", "seats_for_sale": 3194, "flight_count": 22 }, { "origin_name": "TOL - TOLEDO", "seats_for_sale": 2629, "flight_count": 40 }, { "origin_name": "GTF - GREAT FALLS", "seats_for_sale": 2610, "flight_count": 18 }, { "origin_name": "EVV - EVANSVILLE", "seats_for_sale": 2581, "flight_count": 42 }, { "origin_name": "FCA - KALISPELL", "seats_for_sale": 2495, "flight_count": 17 }, { "origin_name": "BIL - BILLINGS", "seats_for_sale": 2317, "flight_count": 15 }, { "origin_name": "LCH - LAKE CHARLES", "seats_for_sale": 2237, "flight_count": 41 }, { "origin_name": "DAB - DAYTONA BEACH", "seats_for_sale": 2204, "flight_count": 31 }, { "origin_name": "ERI - ERIE", "seats_for_sale": 2189, "flight_count": 21 }, { "origin_name": "CAK - AKRON", "seats_for_sale": 2095, "flight_count": 32 }, { "origin_name": "BQN - AGUADILLA", "seats_for_sale": 1800, "flight_count": 9 }, { "origin_name": "LNK - LINCOLN", "seats_for_sale": 1737, "flight_count": 9 }, { "origin_name": "FWA - FORT WAYNE", "seats_for_sale": 1705, "flight_count": 31 }, { "origin_name": "CRW - CHARLESTON", "seats_for_sale": 1608, "flight_count": 32 }, { "origin_name": "HDN - HAYDEN", "seats_for_sale": 1470, "flight_count": 12 }, { "origin_name": "SBN - SOUTH BEND", "seats_for_sale": 1415, "flight_count": 25 }, { "origin_name": "CID - CEDAR RAPIDS", "seats_for_sale": 1408, "flight_count": 40 }, { "origin_name": "ATW - APPLETON", "seats_for_sale": 1320, "flight_count": 24 }, { "origin_name": "GTR - COLUMBUS/W POINT/STARKVILL", "seats_for_sale": 1228, "flight_count": 37 }, { "origin_name": "MEI - MERIDIAN", "seats_for_sale": 1184, "flight_count": 37 }, { "origin_name": "GUC - GUNNISON", "seats_for_sale": 1171, "flight_count": 7 }, { "origin_name": "EFD - HOUSTON", "seats_for_sale": 1137, "flight_count": 21 }, { "origin_name": "AZO - KALAMAZOO", "seats_for_sale": 1045, "flight_count": 19 }, { "origin_name": "ACY - ATLANTIC CITY", "seats_for_sale": 990, "flight_count": 18 }, { "origin_name": "EUG - EUGENE", "seats_for_sale": 979, "flight_count": 5 }, { "origin_name": "MLI - MOLINE", "seats_for_sale": 935, "flight_count": 17 }, { "origin_name": "BGM - BINGHAMTON", "seats_for_sale": 903, "flight_count": 13 }, { "origin_name": " - ", "seats_for_sale": 770, "flight_count": 14 }, { "origin_name": "DRO - DURANGO", "seats_for_sale": 743, "flight_count": 5 }, { "origin_name": "BIS - BISMARCK", "seats_for_sale": 725, "flight_count": 5 }, { "origin_name": "SWF - NEWBURGH", "seats_for_sale": 715, "flight_count": 13 }, { "origin_name": "ACK - NANTUCKET", "seats_for_sale": 699, "flight_count": 15 }, { "origin_name": "PSE - PONCE", "seats_for_sale": 600, "flight_count": 3 }, { "origin_name": "MLU - MONROE", "seats_for_sale": 577, "flight_count": 15 }, { "origin_name": "MLB - MELBOURNE", "seats_for_sale": 550, "flight_count": 10 }, { "origin_name": "STX - CHRISTIANSTED", "seats_for_sale": 537, "flight_count": 3 }, { "origin_name": "MRY - MONTEREY", "seats_for_sale": 535, "flight_count": 3 }, { "origin_name": "BFL - BAKERSFIELD", "seats_for_sale": 495, "flight_count": 9 }, { "origin_name": "CHO - CHARLOTTESVILLE", "seats_for_sale": 495, "flight_count": 9 }, { "origin_name": "LYH - LYNCHBURG", "seats_for_sale": 492, "flight_count": 14 }, { "origin_name": "ORH - WORCESTER", "seats_for_sale": 444, "flight_count": 12 }, { "origin_name": "CMI - CHAMPAIGN/URBANA", "seats_for_sale": 440, "flight_count": 8 }, { "origin_name": "SBA - SANTA BARBARA", "seats_for_sale": 429, "flight_count": 18 }, { "origin_name": "ABY - ALBANY", "seats_for_sale": 391, "flight_count": 6 }, { "origin_name": "HLN - HELENA", "seats_for_sale": 275, "flight_count": 5 }, { "origin_name": "HVN - NEW HAVEN", "seats_for_sale": 220, "flight_count": 4 }, { "origin_name": "EYW - KEY WEST", "seats_for_sale": 210, "flight_count": 3 }, { "origin_name": "HTS - HUNTINGTON", "seats_for_sale": 197, "flight_count": 4 }, { "origin_name": "TVC - TRAVERSE CITY", "seats_for_sale": 189, "flight_count": 2 }, { "origin_name": "MFR - MEDFORD", "seats_for_sale": 179, "flight_count": 1 }, { "origin_name": "BQK - BRUNSWICK", "seats_for_sale": 152, "flight_count": 2 }, { "origin_name": "ELM - ELMIRA/CORNING", "seats_for_sale": 149, "flight_count": 1 }, { "origin_name": "ITH - ITHACA", "seats_for_sale": 149, "flight_count": 1 }, { "origin_name": "VCT - VICTORIA", "seats_for_sale": 147, "flight_count": 3 }, { "origin_name": "FLO - FLORENCE", "seats_for_sale": 76, "flight_count": 1 }, { "origin_name": "PHF - NEWPORT NEWS", "seats_for_sale": 55, "flight_count": 1 }, { "origin_name": "LSE - LA CROSSE", "seats_for_sale": 22, "flight_count": 1 } ]
SELECT CONCAT(origin_0."code",' - ',origin_0."city") as "origin_name", COALESCE(SUM(aircraft_models_0."seats"),0) as "seats_for_sale", COUNT(1) as "flight_count" FROM '../../documentation/data/flights.parquet' as base LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/airports.parquet' AS origin_0 ON origin_0."code"=base."origin" LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/aircraft.parquet' AS aircraft_0 ON aircraft_0."tail_num"=base."tail_num" LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/aircraft_models.parquet' AS aircraft_models_0 ON aircraft_models_0."aircraft_model_code"=aircraft_0."aircraft_model_code" GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY 2 desc NULLS LAST
Filtering
Isolating the data to analyze is a big part of working with data. Let's limit our analysis to California airports. We've reformated the query. In Malloy, spaces and newlines are the same thing.
run: flights -> origin_name + seats_for_sale + flight_count + {where: origin.state='CA'}
[ { "origin_name": "LAX - LOS ANGELES", "seats_for_sale": 1936876, "flight_count": 11077 }, { "origin_name": "SFO - SAN FRANCISCO", "seats_for_sale": 848509, "flight_count": 4540 }, { "origin_name": "SAN - SAN DIEGO", "seats_for_sale": 823100, "flight_count": 5075 }, { "origin_name": "OAK - OAKLAND", "seats_for_sale": 775116, "flight_count": 5076 }, { "origin_name": "SJC - SAN JOSE", "seats_for_sale": 601204, "flight_count": 3825 }, { "origin_name": "SMF - SACRAMENTO", "seats_for_sale": 546267, "flight_count": 3576 }, { "origin_name": "ONT - ONTARIO", "seats_for_sale": 411496, "flight_count": 2642 }, { "origin_name": "SNA - SANTA ANA", "seats_for_sale": 302956, "flight_count": 1919 }, { "origin_name": "BUR - BURBANK", "seats_for_sale": 295747, "flight_count": 1952 }, { "origin_name": "LGB - LONG BEACH", "seats_for_sale": 125638, "flight_count": 661 }, { "origin_name": "PSP - PALM SPRINGS", "seats_for_sale": 39058, "flight_count": 240 }, { "origin_name": "FAT - FRESNO", "seats_for_sale": 9804, "flight_count": 57 }, { "origin_name": "MRY - MONTEREY", "seats_for_sale": 535, "flight_count": 3 }, { "origin_name": "BFL - BAKERSFIELD", "seats_for_sale": 495, "flight_count": 9 }, { "origin_name": "SBA - SANTA BARBARA", "seats_for_sale": 429, "flight_count": 18 } ]
SELECT CONCAT(origin_0."code",' - ',origin_0."city") as "origin_name", COALESCE(SUM(aircraft_models_0."seats"),0) as "seats_for_sale", COUNT(1) as "flight_count" FROM '../../documentation/data/flights.parquet' as base LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/airports.parquet' AS origin_0 ON origin_0."code"=base."origin" LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/aircraft.parquet' AS aircraft_0 ON aircraft_0."tail_num"=base."tail_num" LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/aircraft_models.parquet' AS aircraft_models_0 ON aircraft_models_0."aircraft_model_code"=aircraft_0."aircraft_model_code" WHERE origin_0."state"='CA' GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY 2 desc NULLS LAST
Adding your own measures
The Malloy semantic data model provides most of what we would like to calculate, but we can provide our own calculations in our queries. This model doesn't contain an average_distance, so we can compute this ourselves.
It looks like Jetblue, on average, has the longest flights.
You may also notice that by default, Malloy sorts results in descending order by the first measure.
run: flights -> carrier_name + {aggregate: avg_distance is distance.avg()} + flight_count
[ { "carrier_name": "Jetblue", "avg_distance": 1332.5667079719124, "flight_count": 4842 }, { "carrier_name": "United", "avg_distance": 1187.0114479347926, "flight_count": 32757 }, { "carrier_name": "American", "avg_distance": 1089.8830147207682, "flight_count": 34577 }, { "carrier_name": "Northwest", "avg_distance": 993.9399344848124, "flight_count": 33580 }, { "carrier_name": "ATA", "avg_distance": 872.1486976590834, "flight_count": 3033 }, { "carrier_name": "Alaska", "avg_distance": 836.679403761978, "flight_count": 8453 }, { "carrier_name": "Continental", "avg_distance": 811.6783863286174, "flight_count": 7139 }, { "carrier_name": "Delta", "avg_distance": 670.6465608465609, "flight_count": 32130 }, { "carrier_name": "America West", "avg_distance": 660.6878974358974, "flight_count": 9750 }, { "carrier_name": "USAir", "avg_distance": 629.5051349414855, "flight_count": 37683 }, { "carrier_name": "Southwest", "avg_distance": 615.4201304774031, "flight_count": 88751 }, { "carrier_name": "Continental Express", "avg_distance": 477.58902575587905, "flight_count": 16074 }, { "carrier_name": "Comair", "avg_distance": 451.8911764705882, "flight_count": 4420 }, { "carrier_name": "American Eagle", "avg_distance": 267.90969815363286, "flight_count": 15869 }, { "carrier_name": "Atlantic Southeast", "avg_distance": 201.17800748303634, "flight_count": 15769 } ]
SELECT carriers_0."nickname" as "carrier_name", AVG(base."distance") as "avg_distance", COUNT(1) as "flight_count" FROM '../../documentation/data/flights.parquet' as base LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/carriers.parquet' AS carriers_0 ON carriers_0."code"=base."carrier" GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY 2 desc NULLS LAST
Changing the sort order
We can change the sort order by adding a {order_by: } clause
run: flights -> carrier_name + {aggregate: avg_distance is distance.avg()} + flight_count + {order_by: flight_count desc}
[ { "carrier_name": "Southwest", "avg_distance": 615.4201304774031, "flight_count": 88751 }, { "carrier_name": "USAir", "avg_distance": 629.5051349414855, "flight_count": 37683 }, { "carrier_name": "American", "avg_distance": 1089.8830147207682, "flight_count": 34577 }, { "carrier_name": "Northwest", "avg_distance": 993.9399344848124, "flight_count": 33580 }, { "carrier_name": "United", "avg_distance": 1187.0114479347926, "flight_count": 32757 }, { "carrier_name": "Delta", "avg_distance": 670.6465608465609, "flight_count": 32130 }, { "carrier_name": "Continental Express", "avg_distance": 477.58902575587905, "flight_count": 16074 }, { "carrier_name": "American Eagle", "avg_distance": 267.90969815363286, "flight_count": 15869 }, { "carrier_name": "Atlantic Southeast", "avg_distance": 201.17800748303634, "flight_count": 15769 }, { "carrier_name": "America West", "avg_distance": 660.6878974358974, "flight_count": 9750 }, { "carrier_name": "Alaska", "avg_distance": 836.679403761978, "flight_count": 8453 }, { "carrier_name": "Continental", "avg_distance": 811.6783863286174, "flight_count": 7139 }, { "carrier_name": "Jetblue", "avg_distance": 1332.5667079719124, "flight_count": 4842 }, { "carrier_name": "Comair", "avg_distance": 451.8911764705882, "flight_count": 4420 }, { "carrier_name": "ATA", "avg_distance": 872.1486976590834, "flight_count": 3033 } ]
SELECT carriers_0."nickname" as "carrier_name", AVG(base."distance") as "avg_distance", COUNT(1) as "flight_count" FROM '../../documentation/data/flights.parquet' as base LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/carriers.parquet' AS carriers_0 ON carriers_0."code"=base."carrier" GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY 3 desc NULLS LAST
Adding your own dimensions
You can group by an expression. The expressions can contain just about any calculation you can do in SQL.
run: flights -> {group_by: carrier is concat(carrier, ' - ', carrier_name)} + origin_count + flight_count
[ { "carrier": "RU - Continental Express", "origin_count": 126, "flight_count": 16074 }, { "carrier": "OH - Comair", "origin_count": 120, "flight_count": 4420 }, { "carrier": "DL - Delta", "origin_count": 97, "flight_count": 32130 }, { "carrier": "UA - United", "origin_count": 89, "flight_count": 32757 }, { "carrier": "AA - American", "origin_count": 89, "flight_count": 34577 }, { "carrier": "NW - Northwest", "origin_count": 88, "flight_count": 33580 }, { "carrier": "US - USAir", "origin_count": 82, "flight_count": 37683 }, { "carrier": "CO - Continental", "origin_count": 78, "flight_count": 7139 }, { "carrier": "MQ - American Eagle", "origin_count": 77, "flight_count": 15869 }, { "carrier": "WN - Southwest", "origin_count": 63, "flight_count": 88751 }, { "carrier": "EV - Atlantic Southeast", "origin_count": 59, "flight_count": 15769 }, { "carrier": "HP - America West", "origin_count": 41, "flight_count": 9750 }, { "carrier": "B6 - Jetblue", "origin_count": 32, "flight_count": 4842 }, { "carrier": "TZ - ATA", "origin_count": 25, "flight_count": 3033 }, { "carrier": "AS - Alaska", "origin_count": 22, "flight_count": 8453 } ]
SELECT CONCAT(base."carrier",' - ',(carriers_0."nickname")) as "carrier", COUNT(DISTINCT origin_0."code") as "origin_count", COUNT(1) as "flight_count" FROM '../../documentation/data/flights.parquet' as base LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/carriers.parquet' AS carriers_0 ON carriers_0."code"=base."carrier" LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/airports.parquet' AS origin_0 ON origin_0."code"=base."origin" GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY 2 desc NULLS LAST
Working with Time
A big part of working with data is working with time. Queries that have time in the first column are sorted in descending order by time.
run: flights -> {group_by: flight_month is dep_time.month} + flight_count + {where: carrier = 'WN'}
[ { "flight_month": "2005-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1606 }, { "flight_month": "2005-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1448 }, { "flight_month": "2005-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1543 }, { "flight_month": "2005-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1466 }, { "flight_month": "2005-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1582 }, { "flight_month": "2005-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1564 }, { "flight_month": "2005-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1383 }, { "flight_month": "2005-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1384 }, { "flight_month": "2005-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1432 }, { "flight_month": "2005-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1439 }, { "flight_month": "2005-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1281 }, { "flight_month": "2005-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1421 }, { "flight_month": "2004-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1408 }, { "flight_month": "2004-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1370 }, { "flight_month": "2004-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1421 }, { "flight_month": "2004-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1305 }, { "flight_month": "2004-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1154 }, { "flight_month": "2004-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 990 }, { "flight_month": "2004-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1088 }, { "flight_month": "2004-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1225 }, { "flight_month": "2004-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1213 }, { "flight_month": "2004-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1197 }, { "flight_month": "2004-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1120 }, { "flight_month": "2004-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1149 }, { "flight_month": "2003-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1205 }, { "flight_month": "2003-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1137 }, { "flight_month": "2003-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1160 }, { "flight_month": "2003-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1199 }, { "flight_month": "2003-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1219 }, { "flight_month": "2003-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1252 }, { "flight_month": "2003-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1205 }, { "flight_month": "2003-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1232 }, { "flight_month": "2003-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1193 }, { "flight_month": "2003-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1191 }, { "flight_month": "2003-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1098 }, { "flight_month": "2003-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1209 }, { "flight_month": "2002-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1250 }, { "flight_month": "2002-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1179 }, { "flight_month": "2002-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1280 }, { "flight_month": "2002-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1214 }, { "flight_month": "2002-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1286 }, { "flight_month": "2002-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1235 }, { "flight_month": "2002-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1215 }, { "flight_month": "2002-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1291 }, { "flight_month": "2002-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1186 }, { "flight_month": "2002-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1240 }, { "flight_month": "2002-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1092 }, { "flight_month": "2002-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1240 }, { "flight_month": "2001-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1159 }, { "flight_month": "2001-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1224 }, { "flight_month": "2001-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1309 }, { "flight_month": "2001-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1150 }, { "flight_month": "2001-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1318 }, { "flight_month": "2001-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1299 }, { "flight_month": "2001-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1254 }, { "flight_month": "2001-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1216 }, { "flight_month": "2001-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1218 }, { "flight_month": "2001-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 747 }, { "flight_month": "2001-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1212 }, { "flight_month": "2001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1315 }, { "flight_month": "2000-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1116 }, { "flight_month": "2000-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1059 }, { "flight_month": "2000-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1108 }, { "flight_month": "2000-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1040 }, { "flight_month": "2000-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1143 }, { "flight_month": "2000-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1070 }, { "flight_month": "2000-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1030 }, { "flight_month": "2000-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1151 }, { "flight_month": "2000-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1097 }, { "flight_month": "2000-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1117 }, { "flight_month": "2000-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1088 }, { "flight_month": "2000-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1114 } ]
SELECT DATE_TRUNC('month', base."dep_time") as "flight_month", COUNT(1) as "flight_count" FROM '../../documentation/data/flights.parquet' as base WHERE base."carrier"='WN' GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY 1 desc NULLS LAST
Annotations and Charting
Charts are generally another view on tables. For example, the table above can be viewed as a line chart. The x-axis is flight_month and the y-axis is flight_count. Malloy's annotations let you tag a query so the rendering engine can show the results in different ways. We simply tag the query above as a # line_chart.
# line_chart run: flights -> {group_by: flight_month is dep_time.month} + flight_count + {where: carrier = 'WN'}
[ { "flight_month": "2005-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1606 }, { "flight_month": "2005-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1448 }, { "flight_month": "2005-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1543 }, { "flight_month": "2005-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1466 }, { "flight_month": "2005-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1582 }, { "flight_month": "2005-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1564 }, { "flight_month": "2005-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1383 }, { "flight_month": "2005-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1384 }, { "flight_month": "2005-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1432 }, { "flight_month": "2005-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1439 }, { "flight_month": "2005-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1281 }, { "flight_month": "2005-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1421 }, { "flight_month": "2004-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1408 }, { "flight_month": "2004-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1370 }, { "flight_month": "2004-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1421 }, { "flight_month": "2004-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1305 }, { "flight_month": "2004-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1154 }, { "flight_month": "2004-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 990 }, { "flight_month": "2004-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1088 }, { "flight_month": "2004-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1225 }, { "flight_month": "2004-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1213 }, { "flight_month": "2004-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1197 }, { "flight_month": "2004-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1120 }, { "flight_month": "2004-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1149 }, { "flight_month": "2003-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1205 }, { "flight_month": "2003-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1137 }, { "flight_month": "2003-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1160 }, { "flight_month": "2003-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1199 }, { "flight_month": "2003-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1219 }, { "flight_month": "2003-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1252 }, { "flight_month": "2003-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1205 }, { "flight_month": "2003-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1232 }, { "flight_month": "2003-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1193 }, { "flight_month": "2003-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1191 }, { "flight_month": "2003-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1098 }, { "flight_month": "2003-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1209 }, { "flight_month": "2002-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1250 }, { "flight_month": "2002-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1179 }, { "flight_month": "2002-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1280 }, { "flight_month": "2002-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1214 }, { "flight_month": "2002-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1286 }, { "flight_month": "2002-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1235 }, { "flight_month": "2002-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1215 }, { "flight_month": "2002-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1291 }, { "flight_month": "2002-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1186 }, { "flight_month": "2002-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1240 }, { "flight_month": "2002-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1092 }, { "flight_month": "2002-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1240 }, { "flight_month": "2001-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1159 }, { "flight_month": "2001-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1224 }, { "flight_month": "2001-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1309 }, { "flight_month": "2001-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1150 }, { "flight_month": "2001-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1318 }, { "flight_month": "2001-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1299 }, { "flight_month": "2001-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1254 }, { "flight_month": "2001-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1216 }, { "flight_month": "2001-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1218 }, { "flight_month": "2001-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 747 }, { "flight_month": "2001-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1212 }, { "flight_month": "2001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1315 }, { "flight_month": "2000-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1116 }, { "flight_month": "2000-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1059 }, { "flight_month": "2000-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1108 }, { "flight_month": "2000-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1040 }, { "flight_month": "2000-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1143 }, { "flight_month": "2000-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1070 }, { "flight_month": "2000-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1030 }, { "flight_month": "2000-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1151 }, { "flight_month": "2000-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1097 }, { "flight_month": "2000-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1117 }, { "flight_month": "2000-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1088 }, { "flight_month": "2000-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1114 } ]
SELECT DATE_TRUNC('month', base."dep_time") as "flight_month", COUNT(1) as "flight_count" FROM '../../documentation/data/flights.parquet' as base WHERE base."carrier"='WN' GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY 1 desc NULLS LAST
Filtering Time
Filtering time ranges is always difficult in SQL. Malloy time ranges can be specified simply. We add a filter to limit the time range to the year 2001.
# line_chart run: flights -> {group_by: flight_month is dep_time.month} + flight_count + carrier_name + {where: dep_time ? @2001}
[ { "flight_month": "2001-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 84, "carrier_name": "Continental" }, { "flight_month": "2001-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 403, "carrier_name": "Delta" }, { "flight_month": "2001-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 418, "carrier_name": "United" }, { "flight_month": "2001-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 247, "carrier_name": "American Eagle" }, { "flight_month": "2001-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 634, "carrier_name": "USAir" }, { "flight_month": "2001-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1159, "carrier_name": "Southwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 486, "carrier_name": "American" }, { "flight_month": "2001-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 115, "carrier_name": "America West" }, { "flight_month": "2001-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 432, "carrier_name": "Northwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 108, "carrier_name": "Alaska" }, { "flight_month": "2001-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 212, "carrier_name": "American Eagle" }, { "flight_month": "2001-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 499, "carrier_name": "USAir" }, { "flight_month": "2001-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1224, "carrier_name": "Southwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 462, "carrier_name": "American" }, { "flight_month": "2001-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 52, "carrier_name": "America West" }, { "flight_month": "2001-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 113, "carrier_name": "Alaska" }, { "flight_month": "2001-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 317, "carrier_name": "Northwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 101, "carrier_name": "Continental" }, { "flight_month": "2001-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 440, "carrier_name": "Delta" }, { "flight_month": "2001-11-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 399, "carrier_name": "United" }, { "flight_month": "2001-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 361, "carrier_name": "United" }, { "flight_month": "2001-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 346, "carrier_name": "Delta" }, { "flight_month": "2001-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 110, "carrier_name": "Continental" }, { "flight_month": "2001-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1309, "carrier_name": "Southwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 455, "carrier_name": "American" }, { "flight_month": "2001-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 94, "carrier_name": "America West" }, { "flight_month": "2001-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 98, "carrier_name": "Alaska" }, { "flight_month": "2001-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 290, "carrier_name": "Northwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 456, "carrier_name": "USAir" }, { "flight_month": "2001-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 290, "carrier_name": "American Eagle" }, { "flight_month": "2001-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1150, "carrier_name": "Southwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 347, "carrier_name": "American" }, { "flight_month": "2001-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 419, "carrier_name": "Northwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 67, "carrier_name": "Alaska" }, { "flight_month": "2001-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 135, "carrier_name": "America West" }, { "flight_month": "2001-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 227, "carrier_name": "American Eagle" }, { "flight_month": "2001-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 449, "carrier_name": "USAir" }, { "flight_month": "2001-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 296, "carrier_name": "United" }, { "flight_month": "2001-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 450, "carrier_name": "Delta" }, { "flight_month": "2001-09-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 76, "carrier_name": "Continental" }, { "flight_month": "2001-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 554, "carrier_name": "Delta" }, { "flight_month": "2001-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 116, "carrier_name": "Continental" }, { "flight_month": "2001-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 363, "carrier_name": "United" }, { "flight_month": "2001-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 554, "carrier_name": "USAir" }, { "flight_month": "2001-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 343, "carrier_name": "American Eagle" }, { "flight_month": "2001-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1318, "carrier_name": "Southwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 557, "carrier_name": "American" }, { "flight_month": "2001-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 153, "carrier_name": "America West" }, { "flight_month": "2001-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 516, "carrier_name": "Northwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-08-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 133, "carrier_name": "Alaska" }, { "flight_month": "2001-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 272, "carrier_name": "United" }, { "flight_month": "2001-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 498, "carrier_name": "Delta" }, { "flight_month": "2001-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 123, "carrier_name": "Continental" }, { "flight_month": "2001-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1299, "carrier_name": "Southwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 522, "carrier_name": "American" }, { "flight_month": "2001-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 142, "carrier_name": "America West" }, { "flight_month": "2001-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 143, "carrier_name": "Alaska" }, { "flight_month": "2001-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 491, "carrier_name": "Northwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 367, "carrier_name": "American Eagle" }, { "flight_month": "2001-07-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 583, "carrier_name": "USAir" }, { "flight_month": "2001-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 485, "carrier_name": "Delta" }, { "flight_month": "2001-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 110, "carrier_name": "Continental" }, { "flight_month": "2001-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 338, "carrier_name": "United" }, { "flight_month": "2001-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 309, "carrier_name": "American Eagle" }, { "flight_month": "2001-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 607, "carrier_name": "USAir" }, { "flight_month": "2001-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1254, "carrier_name": "Southwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 543, "carrier_name": "American" }, { "flight_month": "2001-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 160, "carrier_name": "America West" }, { "flight_month": "2001-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 512, "carrier_name": "Northwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-06-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 133, "carrier_name": "Alaska" }, { "flight_month": "2001-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 535, "carrier_name": "Delta" }, { "flight_month": "2001-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 124, "carrier_name": "Continental" }, { "flight_month": "2001-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 312, "carrier_name": "United" }, { "flight_month": "2001-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 327, "carrier_name": "American Eagle" }, { "flight_month": "2001-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1216, "carrier_name": "Southwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 466, "carrier_name": "American" }, { "flight_month": "2001-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 151, "carrier_name": "America West" }, { "flight_month": "2001-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 139, "carrier_name": "Alaska" }, { "flight_month": "2001-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 646, "carrier_name": "USAir" }, { "flight_month": "2001-05-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 491, "carrier_name": "Northwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1218, "carrier_name": "Southwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 523, "carrier_name": "American" }, { "flight_month": "2001-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 478, "carrier_name": "Northwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 120, "carrier_name": "Alaska" }, { "flight_month": "2001-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 101, "carrier_name": "America West" }, { "flight_month": "2001-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 641, "carrier_name": "USAir" }, { "flight_month": "2001-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 305, "carrier_name": "American Eagle" }, { "flight_month": "2001-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 277, "carrier_name": "United" }, { "flight_month": "2001-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 553, "carrier_name": "Delta" }, { "flight_month": "2001-04-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 112, "carrier_name": "Continental" }, { "flight_month": "2001-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 589, "carrier_name": "Delta" }, { "flight_month": "2001-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 25, "carrier_name": "Continental" }, { "flight_month": "2001-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 318, "carrier_name": "United" }, { "flight_month": "2001-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 589, "carrier_name": "USAir" }, { "flight_month": "2001-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 332, "carrier_name": "American Eagle" }, { "flight_month": "2001-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 514, "carrier_name": "American" }, { "flight_month": "2001-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 747, "carrier_name": "Southwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 150, "carrier_name": "America West" }, { "flight_month": "2001-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 478, "carrier_name": "Northwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-03-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 127, "carrier_name": "Alaska" }, { "flight_month": "2001-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 387, "carrier_name": "Delta" }, { "flight_month": "2001-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 92, "carrier_name": "Continental" }, { "flight_month": "2001-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 230, "carrier_name": "United" }, { "flight_month": "2001-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 552, "carrier_name": "USAir" }, { "flight_month": "2001-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1212, "carrier_name": "Southwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 154, "carrier_name": "America West" }, { "flight_month": "2001-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 464, "carrier_name": "Northwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 443, "carrier_name": "American" }, { "flight_month": "2001-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 138, "carrier_name": "Alaska" }, { "flight_month": "2001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 201, "carrier_name": "United" }, { "flight_month": "2001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 437, "carrier_name": "Delta" }, { "flight_month": "2001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 134, "carrier_name": "Continental" }, { "flight_month": "2001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 1315, "carrier_name": "Southwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 533, "carrier_name": "American" }, { "flight_month": "2001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 184, "carrier_name": "America West" }, { "flight_month": "2001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 493, "carrier_name": "Northwest" }, { "flight_month": "2001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 118, "carrier_name": "Alaska" }, { "flight_month": "2001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "flight_count": 656, "carrier_name": "USAir" } ]
SELECT DATE_TRUNC('month', base."dep_time") as "flight_month", COUNT(1) as "flight_count", carriers_0."nickname" as "carrier_name" FROM '../../documentation/data/flights.parquet' as base LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/carriers.parquet' AS carriers_0 ON carriers_0."code"=base."carrier" WHERE (base."dep_time">=TIMESTAMP '2001-01-01 00:00:00') and (base."dep_time"<TIMESTAMP '2002-01-01 00:00:00') GROUP BY 1,3 ORDER BY 1 desc NULLS LAST
Views: Pre-built Queries
Semantic models can include views. Views are pre-built queries. Often in a dataset there are several interesting ways of looking at the dataset. A common use for views is to declare these in advance.
run: flights -> by_carrier[ { "carrier": "WN - Southwest", "flight_count": 88751, "total_distance": 54619152, "percent_of_flights": 0.2573783375431738 }, { "carrier": "US - USAir", "flight_count": 37683, "total_distance": 23721642, "percent_of_flights": 0.10928088577750582 }, { "carrier": "AA - American", "flight_count": 34577, "total_distance": 37684885, "percent_of_flights": 0.10027347046489979 }, { "carrier": "NW - Northwest", "flight_count": 33580, "total_distance": 33376503, "percent_of_flights": 0.09738216554968143 }, { "carrier": "UA - United", "flight_count": 32757, "total_distance": 38882934, "percent_of_flights": 0.09499546149228454 }, { "carrier": "DL - Delta", "flight_count": 32130, "total_distance": 21547874, "percent_of_flights": 0.09317715840116929 }, { "carrier": "RU - Continental Express", "flight_count": 16074, "total_distance": 7676766, "percent_of_flights": 0.046614679244954715 }, { "carrier": "MQ - American Eagle", "flight_count": 15869, "total_distance": 4251459, "percent_of_flights": 0.046020178234302996 }, { "carrier": "EV - Atlantic Southeast", "flight_count": 15769, "total_distance": 3172376, "percent_of_flights": 0.04573017774130216 }, { "carrier": "HP - America West", "flight_count": 9750, "total_distance": 6441707, "percent_of_flights": 0.028275048067581715 }, { "carrier": "AS - Alaska", "flight_count": 8453, "total_distance": 7072451, "percent_of_flights": 0.024513741673360845 }, { "carrier": "CO - Continental", "flight_count": 7139, "total_distance": 5794572, "percent_of_flights": 0.020703135195329833 }, { "carrier": "B6 - Jetblue", "flight_count": 4842, "total_distance": 6452288, "percent_of_flights": 0.01404182387110058 }, { "carrier": "OH - Comair", "flight_count": 4420, "total_distance": 1997359, "percent_of_flights": 0.012818021790637044 }, { "carrier": "TZ - ATA", "flight_count": 3033, "total_distance": 2645227, "percent_of_flights": 0.00879571495271542 } ]
WITH __stage0 AS ( SELECT group_set, CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN CONCAT(base."carrier",' - ',(carriers_0."nickname")) END as "carrier__1", CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COUNT(1) END as "flight_count__1", CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COALESCE(SUM(base."distance"),0) END as "total_distance__1", (CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COUNT(1) END)*1.0/MAX((CASE WHEN group_set=0 THEN COUNT(1) END)) OVER () as "percent_of_flights__1" FROM '../../documentation/data/flights.parquet' as base LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/carriers.parquet' AS carriers_0 ON carriers_0."code"=base."carrier" CROSS JOIN (SELECT UNNEST(GENERATE_SERIES(0,1,1)) as group_set ) as group_set GROUP BY 1,2 ) SELECT "carrier__1" as "carrier", MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "flight_count__1" END) as "flight_count", MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "total_distance__1" END) as "total_distance", MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "percent_of_flights__1" END) as "percent_of_flights" FROM __stage0 WHERE group_set NOT IN (0) GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY 2 desc NULLS LAST
Convention: the 'metrics' view.
Malloy models often contain a metrics view. The metrics view contains the most common ways of measuring data in this data set. This makes it easy build queries on the fly.
run: flights -> metrics[ { "flight_count": 344827, "total_distance": 255337195, "percent_of_flights": 1 } ]
WITH __stage0 AS ( SELECT group_set, CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COUNT(1) END as "flight_count__1", CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COALESCE(SUM(base."distance"),0) END as "total_distance__1", (CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COUNT(1) END)*1.0/MAX((CASE WHEN group_set=0 THEN COUNT(1) END)) OVER () as "percent_of_flights__1" FROM '../../documentation/data/flights.parquet' as base CROSS JOIN (SELECT UNNEST(GENERATE_SERIES(0,1,1)) as group_set ) as group_set GROUP BY 1 ) SELECT MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "flight_count__1" END) as "flight_count", MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "total_distance__1" END) as "total_distance", MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "percent_of_flights__1" END) as "percent_of_flights" FROM __stage0 WHERE group_set NOT IN (0)
Metrics by Origin
Views can be combined in queries just like all the other parts.
run: flights -> origin_name + metrics[ { "origin_name": "ATL - ATLANTA", "flight_count": 17875, "total_distance": 8722080, "percent_of_flights": 0.05183758812389981 }, { "origin_name": "DFW - DALLAS-FORT WORTH", "flight_count": 17782, "total_distance": 12292462, "percent_of_flights": 0.05156788766540903 }, { "origin_name": "ORD - CHICAGO", "flight_count": 14214, "total_distance": 14040186, "percent_of_flights": 0.041220670075139125 }, { "origin_name": "PHX - PHOENIX", "flight_count": 12476, "total_distance": 10310511, "percent_of_flights": 0.03618046150678456 }, { "origin_name": "LAS - LAS VEGAS", "flight_count": 11096, "total_distance": 8782093, "percent_of_flights": 0.032178454703372994 }, { "origin_name": "LAX - LOS ANGELES", "flight_count": 11077, "total_distance": 12861847, "percent_of_flights": 0.03212335460970284 }, { "origin_name": "MSP - MINNEAPOLIS", "flight_count": 9762, "total_distance": 9798857, "percent_of_flights": 0.028309848126741817 }, { "origin_name": "DTW - DETROIT", "flight_count": 8161, "total_distance": 6639449, "percent_of_flights": 0.023666940233798398 }, { "origin_name": "PHL - PHILADELPHIA", "flight_count": 7708, "total_distance": 5685111, "percent_of_flights": 0.0223532380005046 }, { "origin_name": "LGA - NEW YORK", "flight_count": 7623, "total_distance": 3991946, "percent_of_flights": 0.02210673758145389 }, { "origin_name": "DEN - DENVER", "flight_count": 7190, "total_distance": 7328763, "percent_of_flights": 0.02085103544676026 }, { "origin_name": "BWI - BALTIMORE", "flight_count": 7177, "total_distance": 4832242, "percent_of_flights": 0.02081333538267015 }, { "origin_name": "CLT - CHARLOTTE", "flight_count": 7099, "total_distance": 4010313, "percent_of_flights": 0.020587134998129496 }, { "origin_name": "SEA - SEATTLE", "flight_count": 7010, "total_distance": 7823835, "percent_of_flights": 0.02032903455935875 }, { "origin_name": "MCO - ORLANDO", "flight_count": 6790, "total_distance": 6330474, "percent_of_flights": 0.019691033474756908 }, { "origin_name": "DCA - WASHINGTON", "flight_count": 6678, "total_distance": 3093505, "percent_of_flights": 0.01936623292259597 }, { "origin_name": "IAH - HOUSTON", "flight_count": 6623, "total_distance": 5031322, "percent_of_flights": 0.019206732651445506 }, { "origin_name": "MDW - CHICAGO", "flight_count": 6611, "total_distance": 4795391, "percent_of_flights": 0.019171932592285407 }, { "origin_name": "BOS - BOSTON", "flight_count": 5797, "total_distance": 4481594, "percent_of_flights": 0.016811328579258586 }, { "origin_name": "EWR - NEWARK", "flight_count": 5174, "total_distance": 3930757, "percent_of_flights": 0.015004625507863363 }, { "origin_name": "CLE - CLEVELAND", "flight_count": 5127, "total_distance": 2430647, "percent_of_flights": 0.01486832527615297 }, { "origin_name": "OAK - OAKLAND", "flight_count": 5076, "total_distance": 3472237, "percent_of_flights": 0.014720425024722542 }, { "origin_name": "SAN - SAN DIEGO", "flight_count": 5075, "total_distance": 4691341, "percent_of_flights": 0.014717525019792534 }, { "origin_name": "TPA - TAMPA", "flight_count": 4868, "total_distance": 3912217, "percent_of_flights": 0.014117223999280799 }, { "origin_name": "PIT - PITTSBURGH", "flight_count": 4541, "total_distance": 3088305, "percent_of_flights": 0.013168922387168058 }, { "origin_name": "SFO - SAN FRANCISCO", "flight_count": 4540, "total_distance": 6391762, "percent_of_flights": 0.01316602238223805 }, { "origin_name": "BNA - NASHVILLE", "flight_count": 4287, "total_distance": 3192917, "percent_of_flights": 0.012432321134945929 }, { "origin_name": "STL - ST LOUIS", "flight_count": 4089, "total_distance": 2600889, "percent_of_flights": 0.01185812015880427 }, { "origin_name": "MCI - KANSAS CITY", "flight_count": 4078, "total_distance": 3259508, "percent_of_flights": 0.011826220104574178 }, { "origin_name": "IAD - WASHINGTON", "flight_count": 3885, "total_distance": 5360996, "percent_of_flights": 0.01126651915308256 }, { "origin_name": "SJC - SAN JOSE", "flight_count": 3825, "total_distance": 2826646, "percent_of_flights": 0.011092518857282057 }, { "origin_name": "JFK - NEW YORK", "flight_count": 3689, "total_distance": 4995032, "percent_of_flights": 0.010698118186800918 }, { "origin_name": "FLL - 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SOUTH BEND", "flight_count": 25, "total_distance": 6013, "percent_of_flights": 0.00007250012325020953 }, { "origin_name": "ATW - APPLETON", "flight_count": 24, "total_distance": 11634, "percent_of_flights": 0.00006960011832020114 }, { "origin_name": "KOA - KAILUA/KONA", "flight_count": 24, "total_distance": 64144, "percent_of_flights": 0.00006960011832020114 }, { "origin_name": "EGE - EAGLE", "flight_count": 24, "total_distance": 13363, "percent_of_flights": 0.00006960011832020114 }, { "origin_name": "RAP - RAPID CITY", "flight_count": 22, "total_distance": 10780, "percent_of_flights": 0.00006380010846018439 }, { "origin_name": "ERI - ERIE", "flight_count": 21, "total_distance": 4359, "percent_of_flights": 0.000060900103530176 }, { "origin_name": "EFD - HOUSTON", "flight_count": 21, "total_distance": 588, "percent_of_flights": 0.000060900103530176 }, { "origin_name": "AZO - KALAMAZOO", "flight_count": 19, "total_distance": 4275, "percent_of_flights": 0.00005510009367015924 }, { "origin_name": "ACY - ATLANTIC CITY", "flight_count": 18, "total_distance": 9756, "percent_of_flights": 0.000052200088740150856 }, { "origin_name": "SBA - SANTA BARBARA", "flight_count": 18, "total_distance": 22970, "percent_of_flights": 0.000052200088740150856 }, { "origin_name": "GTF - GREAT FALLS", "flight_count": 18, "total_distance": 10779, "percent_of_flights": 0.000052200088740150856 }, { "origin_name": "MLI - MOLINE", "flight_count": 17, "total_distance": 5950, "percent_of_flights": 0.00004930008381014248 }, { "origin_name": "FCA - KALISPELL", "flight_count": 17, "total_distance": 11282, "percent_of_flights": 0.00004930008381014248 }, { "origin_name": "ACK - NANTUCKET", "flight_count": 15, "total_distance": 3270, "percent_of_flights": 0.000043500073950125713 }, { "origin_name": "BIL - BILLINGS", "flight_count": 15, "total_distance": 9217, "percent_of_flights": 0.000043500073950125713 }, { "origin_name": "MLU - MONROE", "flight_count": 15, "total_distance": 4240, "percent_of_flights": 0.000043500073950125713 }, { "origin_name": " - ", "flight_count": 14, "total_distance": 5362, "percent_of_flights": 0.00004060006902011734 }, { "origin_name": "LYH - LYNCHBURG", "flight_count": 14, "total_distance": 5100, "percent_of_flights": 0.00004060006902011734 }, { "origin_name": "BGM - BINGHAMTON", "flight_count": 13, "total_distance": 6068, "percent_of_flights": 0.000037700064090108954 }, { "origin_name": "SWF - NEWBURGH", "flight_count": 13, "total_distance": 7579, "percent_of_flights": 0.000037700064090108954 }, { "origin_name": "ORH - WORCESTER", "flight_count": 12, "total_distance": 1800, "percent_of_flights": 0.00003480005916010057 }, { "origin_name": "HDN - HAYDEN", "flight_count": 12, "total_distance": 9924, "percent_of_flights": 0.00003480005916010057 }, { "origin_name": "MLB - MELBOURNE", "flight_count": 10, "total_distance": 7448, "percent_of_flights": 0.00002900004930008381 }, { "origin_name": "CHO - CHARLOTTESVILLE", "flight_count": 9, "total_distance": 3078, "percent_of_flights": 0.000026100044370075428 }, { "origin_name": "BQN - AGUADILLA", "flight_count": 9, "total_distance": 14184, "percent_of_flights": 0.000026100044370075428 }, { "origin_name": "LNK - LINCOLN", "flight_count": 9, "total_distance": 4108, "percent_of_flights": 0.000026100044370075428 }, { "origin_name": "BFL - BAKERSFIELD", "flight_count": 9, "total_distance": 12852, "percent_of_flights": 0.000026100044370075428 }, { "origin_name": "CMI - CHAMPAIGN/URBANA", "flight_count": 8, "total_distance": 1640, "percent_of_flights": 0.000023200039440067048 }, { "origin_name": "GUC - GUNNISON", "flight_count": 7, "total_distance": 1590, "percent_of_flights": 0.00002030003451005867 }, { "origin_name": "ABY - ALBANY", "flight_count": 6, "total_distance": 876, "percent_of_flights": 0.000017400029580050285 }, { "origin_name": "EUG - EUGENE", "flight_count": 5, "total_distance": 2255, "percent_of_flights": 0.000014500024650041906 }, { "origin_name": "DRO - DURANGO", "flight_count": 5, "total_distance": 3565, "percent_of_flights": 0.000014500024650041906 }, { "origin_name": "HLN - HELENA", "flight_count": 5, "total_distance": 2010, "percent_of_flights": 0.000014500024650041906 }, { "origin_name": "BIS - BISMARCK", "flight_count": 5, "total_distance": 1930, "percent_of_flights": 0.000014500024650041906 }, { "origin_name": "HTS - HUNTINGTON", "flight_count": 4, "total_distance": 711, "percent_of_flights": 0.000011600019720033524 }, { "origin_name": "HVN - NEW HAVEN", "flight_count": 4, "total_distance": 2568, "percent_of_flights": 0.000011600019720033524 }, { "origin_name": "MRY - MONTEREY", "flight_count": 3, "total_distance": 231, "percent_of_flights": 0.000008700014790025143 }, { "origin_name": "STX - CHRISTIANSTED", "flight_count": 3, "total_distance": 4686, "percent_of_flights": 0.000008700014790025143 }, { "origin_name": "EYW - KEY WEST", "flight_count": 3, "total_distance": 435, "percent_of_flights": 0.000008700014790025143 }, { "origin_name": "PSE - PONCE", "flight_count": 3, "total_distance": 4851, "percent_of_flights": 0.000008700014790025143 }, { "origin_name": "VCT - VICTORIA", "flight_count": 3, "total_distance": 369, "percent_of_flights": 0.000008700014790025143 }, { "origin_name": "BQK - BRUNSWICK", "flight_count": 2, "total_distance": 476, "percent_of_flights": 0.000005800009860016762 }, { "origin_name": "TVC - TRAVERSE CITY", "flight_count": 2, "total_distance": 603, "percent_of_flights": 0.000005800009860016762 }, { "origin_name": "MFR - MEDFORD", "flight_count": 1, "total_distance": 329, "percent_of_flights": 0.000002900004930008381 }, { "origin_name": "FLO - FLORENCE", "flight_count": 1, "total_distance": 273, "percent_of_flights": 0.000002900004930008381 }, { "origin_name": "LSE - LA CROSSE", "flight_count": 1, "total_distance": 215, "percent_of_flights": 0.000002900004930008381 }, { "origin_name": "ELM - ELMIRA/CORNING", "flight_count": 1, "total_distance": 208, "percent_of_flights": 0.000002900004930008381 }, { "origin_name": "PHF - NEWPORT NEWS", "flight_count": 1, "total_distance": 465, "percent_of_flights": 0.000002900004930008381 }, { "origin_name": "ITH - ITHACA", "flight_count": 1, "total_distance": 32, "percent_of_flights": 0.000002900004930008381 } ]
WITH __stage0 AS ( SELECT group_set, CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN CONCAT(origin_0."code",' - ',origin_0."city") END as "origin_name__1", CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COUNT(1) END as "flight_count__1", CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COALESCE(SUM(base."distance"),0) END as "total_distance__1", (CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COUNT(1) END)*1.0/MAX((CASE WHEN group_set=0 THEN COUNT(1) END)) OVER () as "percent_of_flights__1" FROM '../../documentation/data/flights.parquet' as base LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/airports.parquet' AS origin_0 ON origin_0."code"=base."origin" CROSS JOIN (SELECT UNNEST(GENERATE_SERIES(0,1,1)) as group_set ) as group_set GROUP BY 1,2 ) SELECT "origin_name__1" as "origin_name", MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "flight_count__1" END) as "flight_count", MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "total_distance__1" END) as "total_distance", MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "percent_of_flights__1" END) as "percent_of_flights" FROM __stage0 WHERE group_set NOT IN (0) GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY 2 desc NULLS LAST
Metric by Manufacturer
run: flights -> plane_manufacturer + metrics[ { "plane_manufacturer": "BOEING", "flight_count": 183236, "total_distance": 131710785, "percent_of_flights": 0.5313853033550157 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "AIRBUS INDUSTRIE", "flight_count": 55994, "total_distance": 56029897, "percent_of_flights": 0.16238287605088927 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "MCDONNELL DOUGLAS", "flight_count": 39106, "total_distance": 35767946, "percent_of_flights": 0.11340759279290775 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "EMBRAER", "flight_count": 21799, "total_distance": 10816914, "percent_of_flights": 0.0632172074692527 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "AIRBUS", "flight_count": 7699, "total_distance": 7615122, "percent_of_flights": 0.022327137956134526 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "AEROSPATIALE/ALENIA", "flight_count": 7479, "total_distance": 1476037, "percent_of_flights": 0.02168913687153268 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "AEROSPATIALE", "flight_count": 7244, "total_distance": 1443473, "percent_of_flights": 0.021007635712980713 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "SAAB-SCANIA", "flight_count": 6395, "total_distance": 1096093, "percent_of_flights": 0.018545531527403597 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "SHORT BROS", "flight_count": 5573, "total_distance": 1059067, "percent_of_flights": 0.01616172747493671 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "CANADAIR", "flight_count": 4420, "total_distance": 1997359, "percent_of_flights": 0.012818021790637044 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "BOMBARDIER INC", "flight_count": 3901, "total_distance": 2096299, "percent_of_flights": 0.011312919231962695 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "PAIR MIKE E", "flight_count": 1635, "total_distance": 3825998, "percent_of_flights": 0.004741508060563703 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "LOCKHEED", "flight_count": 346, "total_distance": 402205, "percent_of_flights": 0.0010034017057829 } ]
WITH __stage0 AS ( SELECT group_set, CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN aircraft_models_0."manufacturer" END as "plane_manufacturer__1", CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COUNT(1) END as "flight_count__1", CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COALESCE(SUM(base."distance"),0) END as "total_distance__1", (CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COUNT(1) END)*1.0/MAX((CASE WHEN group_set=0 THEN COUNT(1) END)) OVER () as "percent_of_flights__1" FROM '../../documentation/data/flights.parquet' as base LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/aircraft.parquet' AS aircraft_0 ON aircraft_0."tail_num"=base."tail_num" LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/aircraft_models.parquet' AS aircraft_models_0 ON aircraft_models_0."aircraft_model_code"=aircraft_0."aircraft_model_code" CROSS JOIN (SELECT UNNEST(GENERATE_SERIES(0,1,1)) as group_set ) as group_set GROUP BY 1,2 ) SELECT "plane_manufacturer__1" as "plane_manufacturer", MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "flight_count__1" END) as "flight_count", MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "total_distance__1" END) as "total_distance", MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "percent_of_flights__1" END) as "percent_of_flights" FROM __stage0 WHERE group_set NOT IN (0) GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY 2 desc NULLS LAST
Nesting
One of the really powerful features of the Malloy language is nesting. We can see which carriers fly which airplanes.
run: flights -> plane_manufacturer + metrics + { nest: carrier_name + aircraft_count }
[ { "plane_manufacturer": "BOEING", "flight_count": 183236, "total_distance": 131710785, "percent_of_flights": 0.5313853033550157, "carrier_name": [ { "carrier_name": "Southwest", "aircraft_count": 8 }, { "carrier_name": "Delta", "aircraft_count": 4 }, { "carrier_name": "Northwest", "aircraft_count": 3 }, { "carrier_name": "USAir", "aircraft_count": 2 }, { "carrier_name": "United", "aircraft_count": 2 }, { "carrier_name": "America West", "aircraft_count": 1 }, { "carrier_name": "American", "aircraft_count": 1 }, { "carrier_name": "Continental", "aircraft_count": 1 }, { "carrier_name": "ATA", "aircraft_count": 1 } ] }, { "plane_manufacturer": "AIRBUS INDUSTRIE", "flight_count": 55994, "total_distance": 56029897, "percent_of_flights": 0.16238287605088927, "carrier_name": [ { "carrier_name": "United", "aircraft_count": 3 }, { "carrier_name": "Northwest", "aircraft_count": 2 }, { "carrier_name": "USAir", "aircraft_count": 2 }, { "carrier_name": "Jetblue", "aircraft_count": 1 } ] }, { "plane_manufacturer": "MCDONNELL DOUGLAS", "flight_count": 39106, "total_distance": 35767946, "percent_of_flights": 0.11340759279290775, "carrier_name": [ { "carrier_name": "American", "aircraft_count": 4 }, { "carrier_name": "Alaska", "aircraft_count": 1 } ] }, { "plane_manufacturer": "EMBRAER", "flight_count": 21799, "total_distance": 10816914, "percent_of_flights": 0.0632172074692527, "carrier_name": [ { "carrier_name": "Continental Express", "aircraft_count": 4 }, { "carrier_name": "USAir", "aircraft_count": 2 }, { "carrier_name": "Atlantic Southeast", "aircraft_count": 1 } ] }, { "plane_manufacturer": "AIRBUS", "flight_count": 7699, "total_distance": 7615122, "percent_of_flights": 0.022327137956134526, "carrier_name": [ { "carrier_name": "Northwest", "aircraft_count": 1 }, { "carrier_name": "Jetblue", "aircraft_count": 1 }, { "carrier_name": "United", "aircraft_count": 1 } ] }, { "plane_manufacturer": "AEROSPATIALE/ALENIA", "flight_count": 7479, "total_distance": 1476037, "percent_of_flights": 0.02168913687153268, "carrier_name": [ { "carrier_name": "Atlantic Southeast", "aircraft_count": 1 } ] }, { "plane_manufacturer": "AEROSPATIALE", "flight_count": 7244, "total_distance": 1443473, "percent_of_flights": 0.021007635712980713, "carrier_name": [ { "carrier_name": "Atlantic Southeast", "aircraft_count": 1 } ] }, { "plane_manufacturer": "SAAB-SCANIA", "flight_count": 6395, "total_distance": 1096093, "percent_of_flights": 0.018545531527403597, "carrier_name": [ { "carrier_name": "American Eagle", "aircraft_count": 2 } ] }, { "plane_manufacturer": "SHORT BROS", "flight_count": 5573, "total_distance": 1059067, "percent_of_flights": 0.01616172747493671, "carrier_name": [ { "carrier_name": "American Eagle", "aircraft_count": 1 } ] }, { "plane_manufacturer": "CANADAIR", "flight_count": 4420, "total_distance": 1997359, "percent_of_flights": 0.012818021790637044, "carrier_name": [ { "carrier_name": "Comair", "aircraft_count": 1 } ] }, { "plane_manufacturer": "BOMBARDIER INC", "flight_count": 3901, "total_distance": 2096299, "percent_of_flights": 0.011312919231962695, "carrier_name": [ { "carrier_name": "American Eagle", "aircraft_count": 1 } ] }, { "plane_manufacturer": "PAIR MIKE E", "flight_count": 1635, "total_distance": 3825998, "percent_of_flights": 0.004741508060563703, "carrier_name": [ { "carrier_name": "American", "aircraft_count": 1 } ] }, { "plane_manufacturer": "LOCKHEED", "flight_count": 346, "total_distance": 402205, "percent_of_flights": 0.0010034017057829, "carrier_name": [ { "carrier_name": "Delta", "aircraft_count": 1 } ] } ]
WITH __stage0 AS ( SELECT group_set, CASE WHEN group_set IN (1,2) THEN aircraft_models_0."manufacturer" END as "plane_manufacturer__1", CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COUNT(1) END as "flight_count__1", CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COALESCE(SUM(base."distance"),0) END as "total_distance__1", (CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COUNT(1) END)*1.0/MAX((CASE WHEN group_set=0 THEN COUNT(1) END)) OVER () as "percent_of_flights__1", CASE WHEN group_set=2 THEN carriers_0."nickname" END as "carrier_name__2", CASE WHEN group_set=2 THEN COUNT(DISTINCT aircraft_0."tail_num") END as "aircraft_count__2" FROM '../../documentation/data/flights.parquet' as base LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/aircraft.parquet' AS aircraft_0 ON aircraft_0."tail_num"=base."tail_num" LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/aircraft_models.parquet' AS aircraft_models_0 ON aircraft_models_0."aircraft_model_code"=aircraft_0."aircraft_model_code" LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/carriers.parquet' AS carriers_0 ON carriers_0."code"=base."carrier" CROSS JOIN (SELECT UNNEST(GENERATE_SERIES(0,2,1)) as group_set ) as group_set GROUP BY 1,2,6 ) SELECT "plane_manufacturer__1" as "plane_manufacturer", MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "flight_count__1" END) as "flight_count", MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "total_distance__1" END) as "total_distance", MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "percent_of_flights__1" END) as "percent_of_flights", COALESCE(LIST({ "carrier_name": "carrier_name__2", "aircraft_count": "aircraft_count__2"} ORDER BY "aircraft_count__2" desc NULLS LAST) FILTER (WHERE group_set=2),[]) as "carrier_name" FROM __stage0 WHERE group_set NOT IN (0) GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY 2 desc NULLS LAST
Nesting multiple queries
More than one query can be nested.
run: flights -> by_carrier + { nest: plane_manufacturer + metrics nest: origin_name + metrics + {limit: 5} }
[ { "carrier": "WN - Southwest", "flight_count": 88751, "total_distance": 54619152, "percent_of_flights": 0.2573783375431738, "plane_manufacturer": [ { "plane_manufacturer": "BOEING", "flight_count": 88751, "total_distance": 54619152, "percent_of_flights": 1 } ], "origin_name": [ { "origin_name": "PHX - PHOENIX", "flight_count": 6456, "total_distance": 4842222, "percent_of_flights": 0.07274284233417089 }, { "origin_name": "LAS - LAS VEGAS", "flight_count": 6292, "total_distance": 4196450, "percent_of_flights": 0.07089497583125824 }, { "origin_name": "BWI - BALTIMORE", "flight_count": 5471, "total_distance": 3597722, "percent_of_flights": 0.061644375838018725 }, { "origin_name": "MDW - CHICAGO", "flight_count": 4702, "total_distance": 3395623, "percent_of_flights": 0.052979684735946636 }, { "origin_name": "LAX - LOS ANGELES", "flight_count": 4282, "total_distance": 2637054, "percent_of_flights": 0.04824734369190206 } ] }, { "carrier": "US - USAir", "flight_count": 37683, "total_distance": 23721642, "percent_of_flights": 0.10928088577750582, "plane_manufacturer": [ { "plane_manufacturer": "BOEING", "flight_count": 16592, "total_distance": 7986213, "percent_of_flights": 0.440304646657644 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "AIRBUS INDUSTRIE", "flight_count": 16412, "total_distance": 12848147, "percent_of_flights": 0.43552795690364354 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "EMBRAER", "flight_count": 4679, "total_distance": 2887282, "percent_of_flights": 0.12416739643871241 } ], "origin_name": [ { "origin_name": "CLT - CHARLOTTE", "flight_count": 6427, "total_distance": 3608923, "percent_of_flights": 0.17055436138311705 }, { "origin_name": "PHL - PHILADELPHIA", "flight_count": 5779, "total_distance": 3806532, "percent_of_flights": 0.15335827826871534 }, { "origin_name": "PIT - PITTSBURGH", "flight_count": 4137, "total_distance": 2834667, "percent_of_flights": 0.10978425284611097 }, { "origin_name": "DCA - WASHINGTON", "flight_count": 2900, "total_distance": 1399695, "percent_of_flights": 0.0769577793700077 }, { "origin_name": "LGA - NEW YORK", "flight_count": 1412, "total_distance": 579791, "percent_of_flights": 0.03747047740360375 } ] }, { "carrier": "AA - American", "flight_count": 34577, "total_distance": 37684885, "percent_of_flights": 0.10027347046489979, "plane_manufacturer": [ { "plane_manufacturer": "MCDONNELL DOUGLAS", "flight_count": 30653, "total_distance": 28695495, "percent_of_flights": 0.8865141568094398 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "BOEING", "flight_count": 2289, "total_distance": 5163392, "percent_of_flights": 0.06620007519449345 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "PAIR MIKE E", "flight_count": 1635, "total_distance": 3825998, "percent_of_flights": 0.04728576799606675 } ], "origin_name": [ { "origin_name": "DFW - DALLAS-FORT WORTH", "flight_count": 8742, "total_distance": 8419987, "percent_of_flights": 0.25282702374410737 }, { "origin_name": "ORD - CHICAGO", "flight_count": 5143, "total_distance": 5207202, "percent_of_flights": 0.1487404922347225 }, { "origin_name": "LAX - LOS ANGELES", "flight_count": 1951, "total_distance": 3451194, "percent_of_flights": 0.056424791046071086 }, { "origin_name": "LGA - NEW YORK", "flight_count": 1070, "total_distance": 1055254, "percent_of_flights": 0.030945426150331145 }, { "origin_name": "MIA - MIAMI", "flight_count": 1063, "total_distance": 1301201, "percent_of_flights": 0.03074297943719814 } ] }, { "carrier": "NW - Northwest", "flight_count": 33580, "total_distance": 33376503, "percent_of_flights": 0.09738216554968143, "plane_manufacturer": [ { "plane_manufacturer": "AIRBUS INDUSTRIE", "flight_count": 15724, "total_distance": 14438258, "percent_of_flights": 0.4682549136390709 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "BOEING", "flight_count": 15274, "total_distance": 16662201, "percent_of_flights": 0.45485407980941034 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "AIRBUS", "flight_count": 2582, "total_distance": 2276044, "percent_of_flights": 0.07689100655151876 } ], "origin_name": [ { "origin_name": "MSP - MINNEAPOLIS", "flight_count": 8662, "total_distance": 8952187, "percent_of_flights": 0.2579511614055986 }, { "origin_name": "DTW - DETROIT", "flight_count": 6604, "total_distance": 5871614, "percent_of_flights": 0.19666468135795115 }, { "origin_name": "MEM - MEMPHIS", "flight_count": 1984, "total_distance": 1791631, "percent_of_flights": 0.05908278737343657 }, { "origin_name": "LAX - LOS ANGELES", "flight_count": 993, "total_distance": 1642005, "percent_of_flights": 0.029571173317450863 }, { "origin_name": "MCO - ORLANDO", "flight_count": 847, "total_distance": 868771, "percent_of_flights": 0.025223347230494342 } ] }, { "carrier": "UA - United", "flight_count": 32757, "total_distance": 38882934, "percent_of_flights": 0.09499546149228454, "plane_manufacturer": [ { "plane_manufacturer": "AIRBUS INDUSTRIE", "flight_count": 19465, "total_distance": 22868417, "percent_of_flights": 0.5942241352993254 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "BOEING", "flight_count": 8624, "total_distance": 11252652, "percent_of_flights": 0.26327197240284517 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "AIRBUS", "flight_count": 4668, "total_distance": 4761865, "percent_of_flights": 0.14250389229782948 } ], "origin_name": [ { "origin_name": "ORD - CHICAGO", "flight_count": 6802, "total_distance": 7706655, "percent_of_flights": 0.20765027322404372 }, { "origin_name": "DEN - DENVER", "flight_count": 4997, "total_distance": 5273978, "percent_of_flights": 0.1525475470891718 }, { "origin_name": "IAD - WASHINGTON", "flight_count": 2541, "total_distance": 3785080, "percent_of_flights": 0.07757120615440974 }, { "origin_name": "SFO - SAN FRANCISCO", "flight_count": 2464, "total_distance": 3222178, "percent_of_flights": 0.07522056354367006 }, { "origin_name": "LAX - LOS ANGELES", "flight_count": 2319, "total_distance": 3441449, "percent_of_flights": 0.0707940287572122 } ] }, { "carrier": "DL - Delta", "flight_count": 32130, "total_distance": 21547874, "percent_of_flights": 0.09317715840116929, "plane_manufacturer": [ { "plane_manufacturer": "BOEING", "flight_count": 31784, "total_distance": 21145669, "percent_of_flights": 0.9892312480547775 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "LOCKHEED", "flight_count": 346, "total_distance": 402205, "percent_of_flights": 0.010768751945222534 } ], "origin_name": [ { "origin_name": "ATL - ATLANTA", "flight_count": 8419, "total_distance": 5793004, "percent_of_flights": 0.2620292561469032 }, { "origin_name": "LGA - NEW YORK", "flight_count": 3295, "total_distance": 892514, "percent_of_flights": 0.10255213196389668 }, { "origin_name": "DCA - WASHINGTON", "flight_count": 1967, "total_distance": 442746, "percent_of_flights": 0.06122004357298475 }, { "origin_name": "BOS - BOSTON", "flight_count": 1721, "total_distance": 967591, "percent_of_flights": 0.05356364768129474 }, { "origin_name": "MCO - ORLANDO", "flight_count": 1640, "total_distance": 1435879, "percent_of_flights": 0.05104263927793339 } ] }, { "carrier": "RU - Continental Express", "flight_count": 16074, "total_distance": 7676766, "percent_of_flights": 0.046614679244954715, "plane_manufacturer": [ { "plane_manufacturer": "EMBRAER", "flight_count": 16074, "total_distance": 7676766, "percent_of_flights": 1 } ], "origin_name": [ { "origin_name": "CLE - CLEVELAND", "flight_count": 3007, "total_distance": 1138078, "percent_of_flights": 0.18707229065571732 }, { "origin_name": "IAH - HOUSTON", "flight_count": 2861, "total_distance": 1634764, "percent_of_flights": 0.1779892994898594 }, { "origin_name": "EWR - NEWARK", "flight_count": 2170, "total_distance": 1078257, "percent_of_flights": 0.1350006221226826 }, { "origin_name": "CLT - CHARLOTTE", "flight_count": 251, "total_distance": 149510, "percent_of_flights": 0.015615279333084485 }, { "origin_name": "DAY - DAYTON", "flight_count": 236, "total_distance": 77787, "percent_of_flights": 0.014682095309194973 } ] }, { "carrier": "MQ - American Eagle", "flight_count": 15869, "total_distance": 4251459, "percent_of_flights": 0.046020178234302996, "plane_manufacturer": [ { "plane_manufacturer": "SAAB-SCANIA", "flight_count": 6395, "total_distance": 1096093, "percent_of_flights": 0.40298695569979204 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "SHORT BROS", "flight_count": 5573, "total_distance": 1059067, "percent_of_flights": 0.3511878505261831 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "BOMBARDIER INC", "flight_count": 3901, "total_distance": 2096299, "percent_of_flights": 0.24582519377402484 } ], "origin_name": [ { "origin_name": "DFW - DALLAS-FORT WORTH", "flight_count": 6146, "total_distance": 1464011, "percent_of_flights": 0.38729598588442876 }, { "origin_name": "ORD - CHICAGO", "flight_count": 985, "total_distance": 463491, "percent_of_flights": 0.06207070388808369 }, { "origin_name": "ACT - WACO", "flight_count": 494, "total_distance": 43966, "percent_of_flights": 0.031129875858592223 }, { "origin_name": "TYR - TYLER", "flight_count": 480, "total_distance": 49440, "percent_of_flights": 0.030247652656122 }, { "origin_name": "SPS - WICHITA FALLS", "flight_count": 457, "total_distance": 51641, "percent_of_flights": 0.028798285966349486 } ] }, { "carrier": "EV - Atlantic Southeast", "flight_count": 15769, "total_distance": 3172376, "percent_of_flights": 0.04573017774130216, "plane_manufacturer": [ { "plane_manufacturer": "AEROSPATIALE/ALENIA", "flight_count": 7479, "total_distance": 1476037, "percent_of_flights": 0.4742849895364322 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "AEROSPATIALE", "flight_count": 7244, "total_distance": 1443473, "percent_of_flights": 0.4593823324243769 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "EMBRAER", "flight_count": 1046, "total_distance": 252866, "percent_of_flights": 0.06633267803919082 } ], "origin_name": [ { "origin_name": "ATL - ATLANTA", "flight_count": 7392, "total_distance": 1473933, "percent_of_flights": 0.4687678356268628 }, { "origin_name": "PFN - PANAMA CITY", "flight_count": 776, "total_distance": 191672, "percent_of_flights": 0.049210476250871965 }, { "origin_name": "AGS - AUGUSTA", "flight_count": 716, "total_distance": 102388, "percent_of_flights": 0.04540554252013444 }, { "origin_name": "CHA - CHATTANOOGA", "flight_count": 684, "total_distance": 74912, "percent_of_flights": 0.04337624453040776 }, { "origin_name": "CSG - COLUMBUS", "flight_count": 654, "total_distance": 54282, "percent_of_flights": 0.041473777665039 } ] }, { "carrier": "HP - America West", "flight_count": 9750, "total_distance": 6441707, "percent_of_flights": 0.028275048067581715, "plane_manufacturer": [ { "plane_manufacturer": "BOEING", "flight_count": 9750, "total_distance": 6441707, "percent_of_flights": 1 } ], "origin_name": [ { "origin_name": "PHX - PHOENIX", "flight_count": 3696, "total_distance": 2620479, "percent_of_flights": 0.3790769230769231 }, { "origin_name": "LAS - LAS VEGAS", "flight_count": 1221, "total_distance": 596849, "percent_of_flights": 0.12523076923076923 }, { "origin_name": "SNA - SANTA ANA", "flight_count": 420, "total_distance": 130250, "percent_of_flights": 0.043076923076923075 }, { "origin_name": "SMF - SACRAMENTO", "flight_count": 376, "total_distance": 212005, "percent_of_flights": 0.038564102564102566 }, { "origin_name": "DEN - DENVER", "flight_count": 302, "total_distance": 183451, "percent_of_flights": 0.030974358974358976 } ] }, { "carrier": "AS - Alaska", "flight_count": 8453, "total_distance": 7072451, "percent_of_flights": 0.024513741673360845, "plane_manufacturer": [ { "plane_manufacturer": "MCDONNELL DOUGLAS", "flight_count": 8453, "total_distance": 7072451, "percent_of_flights": 1 } ], "origin_name": [ { "origin_name": "SEA - SEATTLE", "flight_count": 3030, "total_distance": 2633111, "percent_of_flights": 0.35845262037146575 }, { "origin_name": "PDX - PORTLAND", "flight_count": 1038, "total_distance": 834657, "percent_of_flights": 0.12279664024606649 }, { "origin_name": "LAX - LOS ANGELES", "flight_count": 695, "total_distance": 598444, "percent_of_flights": 0.0822193304152372 }, { "origin_name": "LAS - LAS VEGAS", "flight_count": 418, "total_distance": 348156, "percent_of_flights": 0.04944989944398438 }, { "origin_name": "ANC - ANCHORAGE", "flight_count": 398, "total_distance": 492484, "percent_of_flights": 0.04708387554714303 } ] }, { "carrier": "CO - Continental", "flight_count": 7139, "total_distance": 5794572, "percent_of_flights": 0.020703135195329833, "plane_manufacturer": [ { "plane_manufacturer": "BOEING", "flight_count": 7139, "total_distance": 5794572, "percent_of_flights": 1 } ], "origin_name": [ { "origin_name": "IAH - HOUSTON", "flight_count": 1970, "total_distance": 1699834, "percent_of_flights": 0.27594901246673204 }, { "origin_name": "EWR - NEWARK", "flight_count": 1061, "total_distance": 800694, "percent_of_flights": 0.14862025493766634 }, { "origin_name": "CLE - CLEVELAND", "flight_count": 703, "total_distance": 558491, "percent_of_flights": 0.09847317551477798 }, { "origin_name": "BOS - BOSTON", "flight_count": 270, "total_distance": 188519, "percent_of_flights": 0.03782042302843536 }, { "origin_name": "ATL - ATLANTA", "flight_count": 248, "total_distance": 181074, "percent_of_flights": 0.0347387589298221 } ] }, { "carrier": "B6 - Jetblue", "flight_count": 4842, "total_distance": 6452288, "percent_of_flights": 0.01404182387110058, "plane_manufacturer": [ { "plane_manufacturer": "AIRBUS INDUSTRIE", "flight_count": 4393, "total_distance": 5875075, "percent_of_flights": 0.9072697232548533 }, { "plane_manufacturer": "AIRBUS", "flight_count": 449, "total_distance": 577213, "percent_of_flights": 0.09273027674514664 } ], "origin_name": [ { "origin_name": "JFK - NEW YORK", "flight_count": 1752, "total_distance": 2320495, "percent_of_flights": 0.3618339529120198 }, { "origin_name": "LGB - LONG BEACH", "flight_count": 471, "total_distance": 734439, "percent_of_flights": 0.09727385377942999 }, { "origin_name": "FLL - FORT LAUDERDALE", "flight_count": 375, "total_distance": 422782, "percent_of_flights": 0.07744733581164807 }, { "origin_name": "OAK - OAKLAND", "flight_count": 297, "total_distance": 493840, "percent_of_flights": 0.06133828996282528 }, { "origin_name": "MCO - ORLANDO", "flight_count": 245, "total_distance": 241126, "percent_of_flights": 0.05059892606361008 } ] }, { "carrier": "OH - Comair", "flight_count": 4420, "total_distance": 1997359, "percent_of_flights": 0.012818021790637044, "plane_manufacturer": [ { "plane_manufacturer": "CANADAIR", "flight_count": 4420, "total_distance": 1997359, "percent_of_flights": 1 } ], "origin_name": [ { "origin_name": "CVG - COVINGTON/CINCINNATI, OH", "flight_count": 1514, "total_distance": 617443, "percent_of_flights": 0.3425339366515837 }, { "origin_name": "ATL - ATLANTA", "flight_count": 239, "total_distance": 130349, "percent_of_flights": 0.05407239819004525 }, { "origin_name": "LGA - NEW YORK", "flight_count": 185, "total_distance": 116457, "percent_of_flights": 0.0418552036199095 }, { "origin_name": "JFK - NEW YORK", "flight_count": 136, "total_distance": 77482, "percent_of_flights": 0.03076923076923077 }, { "origin_name": "MCO - ORLANDO", "flight_count": 91, "total_distance": 48288, "percent_of_flights": 0.020588235294117647 } ] }, { "carrier": "TZ - ATA", "flight_count": 3033, "total_distance": 2645227, "percent_of_flights": 0.00879571495271542, "plane_manufacturer": [ { "plane_manufacturer": "BOEING", "flight_count": 3033, "total_distance": 2645227, "percent_of_flights": 1 } ], "origin_name": [ { "origin_name": "MDW - CHICAGO", "flight_count": 1309, "total_distance": 1091999, "percent_of_flights": 0.43158588855918234 }, { "origin_name": "LGA - NEW YORK", "flight_count": 210, "total_distance": 151188, "percent_of_flights": 0.06923837784371908 }, { "origin_name": "IND - INDIANAPOLIS", "flight_count": 200, "total_distance": 193945, "percent_of_flights": 0.06594131223211341 }, { "origin_name": "MSP - MINNEAPOLIS", "flight_count": 163, "total_distance": 56887, "percent_of_flights": 0.053742169469172436 }, { "origin_name": "DFW - DALLAS-FORT WORTH", "flight_count": 132, "total_distance": 104924, "percent_of_flights": 0.043521266073194856 } ] } ]
WITH __stage0 AS ( SELECT group_set, CASE WHEN group_set IN (1,2,3) THEN CONCAT(base."carrier",' - ',(carriers_0."nickname")) END as "carrier__1", CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COUNT(1) END as "flight_count__1", CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COALESCE(SUM(base."distance"),0) END as "total_distance__1", (CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COUNT(1) END)*1.0/MAX((CASE WHEN group_set=0 THEN COUNT(1) END)) OVER () as "percent_of_flights__1", CASE WHEN group_set=2 THEN aircraft_models_0."manufacturer" END as "plane_manufacturer__2", CASE WHEN group_set=2 THEN COUNT(1) END as "flight_count__2", CASE WHEN group_set=2 THEN COALESCE(SUM(base."distance"),0) END as "total_distance__2", (CASE WHEN group_set=2 THEN COUNT(1) END)*1.0/MAX((CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COUNT(1) END)) OVER (PARTITION BY CASE WHEN group_set IN (1,2,3) THEN CONCAT(base."carrier",' - ',(carriers_0."nickname")) END) as "percent_of_flights__2", CASE WHEN group_set=3 THEN CONCAT(origin_0."code",' - ',origin_0."city") END as "origin_name__3", CASE WHEN group_set=3 THEN COUNT(1) END as "flight_count__3", CASE WHEN group_set=3 THEN COALESCE(SUM(base."distance"),0) END as "total_distance__3", (CASE WHEN group_set=3 THEN COUNT(1) END)*1.0/MAX((CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN COUNT(1) END)) OVER (PARTITION BY CASE WHEN group_set IN (1,2,3) THEN CONCAT(base."carrier",' - ',(carriers_0."nickname")) END) as "percent_of_flights__3" FROM '../../documentation/data/flights.parquet' as base LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/carriers.parquet' AS carriers_0 ON carriers_0."code"=base."carrier" LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/aircraft.parquet' AS aircraft_0 ON aircraft_0."tail_num"=base."tail_num" LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/aircraft_models.parquet' AS aircraft_models_0 ON aircraft_models_0."aircraft_model_code"=aircraft_0."aircraft_model_code" LEFT JOIN '../../documentation/data/airports.parquet' AS origin_0 ON origin_0."code"=base."origin" CROSS JOIN (SELECT UNNEST(GENERATE_SERIES(0,3,1)) as group_set ) as group_set GROUP BY 1,2,6,10 ) SELECT "carrier__1" as "carrier", MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "flight_count__1" END) as "flight_count", MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "total_distance__1" END) as "total_distance", MAX(CASE WHEN group_set=1 THEN "percent_of_flights__1" END) as "percent_of_flights", COALESCE(LIST({ "plane_manufacturer": "plane_manufacturer__2", "flight_count": "flight_count__2", "total_distance": "total_distance__2", "percent_of_flights": "percent_of_flights__2"} ORDER BY "flight_count__2" desc NULLS LAST) FILTER (WHERE group_set=2),[]) as "plane_manufacturer", COALESCE(LIST({ "origin_name": "origin_name__3", "flight_count": "flight_count__3", "total_distance": "total_distance__3", "percent_of_flights": "percent_of_flights__3"} ORDER BY "flight_count__3" desc NULLS LAST) FILTER (WHERE group_set=3)[1:5],[]) as "origin_name" FROM __stage0 WHERE group_set NOT IN (0) GROUP BY 1 ORDER BY 2 desc NULLS LAST
And there you have it
Writing queries with a pre-built model is really powerful. You can easily explore a complex dataset in a simple, composable way. The output of these queries can be used in lots of different ways, from Data Science to transforming data for consumption in other systems.
Pre-built semantic models take much of the pain out of working with data.